Modifying the Story Summer Solstice Through the Screenplay...

Modifying the Story Summer Solstice through the Screenplay Entitled â€Å"Tatarin† A Partial Thesis Presented To Mrs. Evelyn S. Agato In Partial Fulfillment of the Subject RD 100 - Research Design Leader Divine Angeline Leaà ±o Members Erinn Chua Jan Erik Miras Jamie Robertson San Juan Clarissa Tan Cherryl Tolentino October 2011 Department of Media Studies College of Arts and Sciences Trinity University of Asia Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to come up with a clear justification on the reasons why screenwriters and filmmakers would modify books. It should be understood that the book and the film are two different subject matters. But the film would not exist without the help of the elements from the†¦show more content†¦The methodologies used in the study were selected to try and come up with the best possible analysis the respondents can provide as to how they understood the works of both Nick Joaquin and Ricky Lee. TITLE OF THE PROBLEM What is the perception of the selected second year college students of TUA on the modifications made by Ricky Lee in Nick Joaquin’s Summer Solstice to his screenplay Tatarin? GENERAL OBJECTIVE To probe on the perception/empathy of selected second year college students of TUA on the modifications made by Ricky Lee in Nick Joaquin’s Summer Solstice to his screenplay Tatarin. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES * To know the reasons why certain parts of the story need to be altered/deleted for the movie. * To know how screenwriters modify the story. * To find out if the modifications improved the film. * SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research study will encompass a much comprehensive understanding as to how these certain modifications of the base/original narration of story would wholly influence/affect the message of the visual presentation. The group/niche that would principally benefit in this research study would be the following: veteran/would-be film makers, scrupulous/out-of-the-box scriptwriters, explorative/apprentice-leveled Communications students, and passionate instructors. We have chosen these groups of people since these

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics You might have to do plenty of creative writing in middle school. If you still find it tough to work on your expository essay, speak to our on-line writing team made from professional writers with at least 10 decades of experience to acquire your own personal academic lifebuoy! Explain why you're interested in a specific career. If you own a job, speak about your experience. The absolute most difficult and important feature of essay writing is choosing the ideal topic'. An introduction ought to be a quick background story about the topic which is to be discussed. There are a few particular topics that are thought to be the best ones to pen down the exposition. While the above mentioned examples are a few of the most popular essay types, you may use the formula below to develop a few on your own. Try to remember that expository essays are intended to explain something as opposed to give personal opinions on a specific subject or event. There are lots of expository essay topics to pick from. Ideally, expository essays attempt to pass details about a specific facet, all the ideas about the stated aspect have to get tied together. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a range of topics and methods to bring up the idea. The Lost Secret of What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics The part which follows in the paragraph is regarding the analysis of the info presented. To begin with, a brief explanation of the game ought to be written. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and create all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. If you're writing an essay for the overall public, there is a rather huge likelihood that lots of readers will skip your article. What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics - What Is It? Without an essay outline, it would be tough to recall the essential sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. To begin with, you should secure the significance of the expository essay definition and select the topic you understand well or at least find it interesting to find out more about. Choose the one that you liek to compose an ideal expository essay! Make certain each and every sentence of your essay is joined to the thesis. An expository essay's aim is to define and explain a subject chosen by means of an author. The duration of your essay may vary, according to context. You are unable to begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. The exact first step in writing an interesting expository essay is to opt for a terrific topic. You will observe how a suitable thesis statement appears like and the way the author uses transitions between the several paragraphs. There isn't anything like an excellent expository essay example! Once you were assigned to compose an expository essay, the very first thing you have to do is to pick a topic. There aren't many things to say regarding the expository essay. In an expository essay, you're attempting to spell out how something works or why you think that it's an excellent idea. When you are in possession of a well-formulated topic, it's a half success of your final writing. An essay is only a string of thoughts which were put in order to earn a coherent idea. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Thus, if you believe that you're incapable of writing an amazing paper, then the most suitable choice is going to be to ask professionals to do. To make your part of writing looks perfectly fine, be sure that you proofread and re-write it until it appears presentable enough. So, here are a number of parts of advice to earn the procedure for composing a great expository essay simpler. Writing an outline is particularly helpful once you are just about to write an extensive academic paper. Therefore, the expository essay is an academic paper that's supposed to explain something, to convey a specific message. When writing an expository essay, the outline functions as a guide to the different parts of the essay.

Injustice and Justice Free Essays

Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere In the name of ALLAH the most gracious the most merciful, the Omnipresent and Omnipotent. Mr. President sir, honourable chief guest, worthy opponents and future scholars. We will write a custom essay sample on Injustice and Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"O believers! Be firm in justice as witnesses for God, even in cases against yourselves, your parents or your kin† â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. † These powerful words were said by one of American best known advocate of equal rights – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. According to him, all humans are caught in a patent network of sympathy. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Hence injustice with one individual of a society can affect the life of other individuals of the society. Dear audience lets first talk about what justice really is. Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or social norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Justice is distinguished from other ethical standards as required. Justice is linked conceptually, to the idea of justification: having and giving decisive reasons for one’s beliefs and actions. So, attempts to understand justice are typically attempts to discover the justification – the source or basis – of justice, and therefore to account for (or disprove) its vast importance. Justice is the foundation on which the edifice of the society stands. Justice,Pakistan. Justice is perhaps the most important of the supreme values of Islam. In fact, it can be said that the main purpose of disclosure and the tasks of Prophets (alayhum salam) has been to establish Justice. Justice is the building block of the society and it is directly proportional to the truth, in order to keep check and balance in the society it is essential to maintain justice. Justice so called as ADAL can be seen in the early Arabian era when Hazarat Umar (R. A) was the governor General of Islamic Society. The whole society was propagated due to justified principles and teaching of Islam. He was the only ruler ever to admit that even if a dog died of hunger on the banks of river Tigris during his rule, he would be held answerable to Almighty ALLAH. It was the true spirit of justice, what the leaders of the modern world lake. Justice is like the life blood of the society which can be thick or thin, periodically, but its viscosity have a great impact in the life of the people. Justice is the first principle of social life. It can be shown to govern all relations in life: between ruler and ruled, rich and poor, husband and wife, parents and children. In all our dealings, we are required to stand firmly for justice even if it is against our own benefits. Dear youngsters of 21st century, our country, Pakistan, is facing a severe problem of bloodshed, illegal killings, suicide bomb blast, terrorism etc. only due to the unjustified policies. Economic injustice involves the state’s failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life, such as access to adequate food and housing, and its maintenance of huge discrepancies in wealth. In the most extreme cases of misdistribution, some individuals suffer from poverty while the elite of that society live in relative luxury. Such injustice can stem from unfair hiring procedures, lack of available jobs and education, and insufficient health care. All of these conditions may lead individuals to believe that they have not received a â€Å"fair share† of the benefits and resources available in that society. Political injustice involves the violation of individual liberties, including the denial of voting rights or due process, infringements on rights to freedom of speech or religion, and inadequate protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Such injustice often stems from unfair procedures, and involves political systems in which some but not others are allowed to have voice and representation in the processes and decisions that affect them. This sort of procedural injustice can contribute to serious social problems as well as political ones. any procedures that are carried out in a biased manner are likely to contribute to problems of religious, ethnic, gender, or race discrimination. In Pakistan our law is like a cobweb it sticks to the weaker ones but the stronger ones break it off. When the procedure in question has to do with employment or wages, such issues can lead to serious economic and social problems. In the nutshell, by setting examples of injustice we are actually creating fear in the society to fight for their basic rights. This fear is one of the major causes of our poor economy and this is the vital reason, why we are left behind from other countries. We have to make firm believe on it that Allah. It is an old saying that â€Å"absence of war does not mean peace, its only due to presence of justice. † Thankyou†¦ How to cite Injustice and Justice, Essay examples

Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis Essay Example

Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis Paper Edwin H. Sutherland’s Criminology (1924), retiled Principles of Criminology in 1934, and was to become the most influential textbook in the history of criminology. He is known a man who claims that criminals are not simple minded person but did endorse the latter view, explaining different criminal behaviors through the relative influence of various geographic, economic, political, and sociological factors. â€Å"Sutherland and his successors greatly expanded the scope of crime by shifting the focus to corporations and individuals in the upper socioeconomic classes. A lawyer-sociologist critic of Sutherland’s work, Paul W. Tappan, long ago noted that Sutherland’s definition of crime departed from the legal definition. Tappan charged that this development was a â€Å"seductive movement to revolutionize the concepts of crime and [the] criminal. According to Tappan, Professor Sutherland’s definition of â€Å"white-collar crime† includes â€Å"a boor, a sinner, a moral leper or the devil incarnate but he does not become a criminal through sociological name-calling (â€Å"Criminology†. http://www.routledge-ny.com). Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Sample Sutherland and Tappan’s Definition of White Collar Crime Sutherland and Tappan’s Definition of White Collar Crime Sutherland and Tappan’s Definition of White Collar Crime We will write a custom essay sample on Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, the great sociologist does a very vulnerable job in describing white collar crime. So the study will dealt with approaches to define white collar crime of the well-known sociologist. The questions need further investigation on how this sociologies reacted up to their knowledge and understanding on the topic of with collar crime. Thus the main issue to this paper is to get the point view with the two personalities to answer the question raise as to; are Sutherland and Tappan’s definitions or approaches to define white collar crime good or not? How are they similar and how are they different? Definition of White Collar Crime â€Å"White-collar crimes are those crimes specifically performed by professional workers. They include certain forms of fraud, insider trading, embezzlement, computer crime and forgery. It is estimated that a great deal of white collar crime is undetected. Such crimes are often contrasted against violent crimes (such as rape or murder) or blue-collar crime (such as vandalism or shoplifting). The term derives from the characteristic white-collar shirts worn by lawyers, bankers and other professionals associated with such crimes (â€Å"White Collar Crime†. http://www.bambooweb.com)†. â€Å"The criminalities encounter feeble opposition and since their practices are often more lucrative than the typical criminal act, they distance their more scrupulous rivals in business and politics and reap an uncommon worldly prosperity. The key to the criminal is not evil impulse, but moral insensibility. The criminal prefers to prey on the anonymous public. He goes beyond this by convincing others to act instead of acting himself, which protects him from liability and being labeled a criminal, and is instead immune to such scrutiny. The criminality practices a protective impersonation of the good. The criminality counterfeits the good citizen. (â€Å"The Encyclopedia of White Collar.† http://www.commondreams.org)†. â€Å"White-collar offenses shall constitute those classes of non-violent illegal activities which principally involve traditional notions of deceit, deception, concealment, manipulation, breach of trust, subterfuge or illegal circumvention.† Under that definition, the illegal purchase of prescriptions and music pirating clearly qualify. The Justice Department has recently promoted the idea that enforcement of federal crimes should be uniform. Nevertheless, it is highly unlikely that federal prosecutors will hand down millions (or any) indictments of seniors, parents, and children for these crimes (Wright, Richard. http://www.routledge-ny.com)† Other Related Literatures The concept of elite crime: the man above is convicted of $250 million in stock fraud, while the man at right †¦ is convicted of stealing a $2,500 car from his employer. Which man will serve significant, hard time in prison? â€Å"Religious fraud,† is the caption, â€Å"Religious fraud often involves raising millions of dollars in the name of pious efforts, only to see the believers’ money end up in the ministers’ bank account, paying for a lavish lifestyle (â€Å"Focus on Corporation†.Oct 20, 2004. http://tania.blythe-systems.com/pipermail/nytr/Week-of-Mon-20041018/007837.hml)†. Sutherland definition or approaches of white collar crime â€Å"White collar crime is the illegal activities of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate business enterprise. White collar crime involves illegal business practices (embezzlement, price-fixing, bribery) with merchandise that is ordinarily seen as a legitimate business product. Normally, telemarketing fraud, and the SEC investigates securities fraud. Trust violations are jointly investigated (â€Å"Intelligence Analysis of White Collar Crime†. http://faculty.ncwc.edu)†. In the late 1930s, criminologist Edwin Sutherland first coined the term â€Å"white collar crime† to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful. He defined it as â€Å"a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.† As Sutherland saw it, the rich were engaged in a conspiracy to use their position for personal gain without regard to the law. Today, it is recognized that persons in all social classes can commit white collar crimes, but the notion of getting away with disregard for the law still exists in the justice system’s tendency to treat these offenses as civil rather than criminal matters.It is the generally accepted wisdom in criminology that although Sutherland’s definition fall short in some ways, the underlying constructs of what he meant — deception and lack of physical force — remain constant, even while forms of the crime evolve. The definition is considered a good 2005 update: â€Å"white collar crimes are defined as illegal or unethical acts that violate fiduciary responsibility or public trust for personal or organizational gain.† The typology includes: (1) crimes against government by public officials; (2) crimes against government by private citizens; (3) crimes against businesses; (4) crimes against investors; (5) crimes against consumers; (6) crimes against employees; and (7) crimes affecting public health. The Green (1990) typology includes: (1) crimes for the benefit of one’s employer; (2) crimes by government officials; (2) crimes by professionals in the course of doing business; and (4) crimes by individuals in the course of their occupation. Other typologies exist, such as the following:  · Corporate crime — Usually occurs when a strongly competitive business environment fosters corporate irregularities (antitrust violations, price-fixing, false advertising)  · Government crime — illegal and socially injurious cooperation between governments and corporate institutions (space shuttle disasters)  · Occupational crime — Usually occurs when employees come across an opportunity to make extra money by bending or breaking the rules (theft, pilfering)  · Professional crime — people or groups of people who systematically set out to look for opportunities to make money illegally (fraud, tax evasion, deceitful claims, phantom operations, false pretenses, forgery) Tappan’s definition or approaches of white collar crime â€Å"The state has a monopoly on behavior usually deemed criminal. It murders, kidnaps, and locks up people. Sovereignty has come to be identified with the unbridled – and exclusive – exercise of violence. The emergence of modern international law has narrowed the field of permissible conduct. A sovereign can no longer commit genocide or ethnic cleansing with impunity, for instance (â€Å"Legalizing Crime†. http://resourceking.net)†. Tappan proposed the legalistic approach, arguing that criminologists should study only persons who actually had been convicted of crimes. This view threatened Sutherland’s emerging research on white-collar criminals, because many corporations that violate the law are never prosecuted. Sutherland (1945) maintained that conviction is important in the study of public agency (or justice system) responses to crime, but it cannot be used in defining the subject matter of criminology, which must explain all forms of law-violating behavior. This behavioral definition of crime still prevails in modern criminology Many acts – such as the waging of aggressive war, the mistreatment of minorities, the suppression of the freedom of association – hitherto sovereign privilege, have thankfully been criminalized. Many politicians, hitherto immune to international prosecution, are no longer so. Consider Yugoslavia’s Milosevic and Chile’s Pinochet. But, the irony is that a similar trend of criminalization – within national legal systems – allows governments to oppress their citizenry to an extent previously unknown. Hitherto civil torts, permissible acts, and common behavior patterns are routinely criminalized by legislators and regulators. Precious few are decriminalized. Certain social problems are not well understood in the broader society, and are only beginning to be delineated in academic scholarship. One such problem is the understanding, characterization, and handling of harmful organized group behavior. â€Å"Developing social structures which try to check individual behavior, and in the process we’ve built massive systems of human organization on the assumption that they are more efficient in helping us control and manage peoples’ actions, make our lives easier, and make sense of the world (â€Å"Lipshitt, Brian†. http://www.dragonflyworks.net)†. We have little realization of how these organizations impact on us or how we impact on them. Take the example of white collar crime. White collar crime can be understood as harmful group behavior which is often handled through regulating the behavior of the group. This takes place in a society which is focused on individual accountability to the law. In order to ameliorate this duality, we have developed systems of language, law and ideology which create individuals out of organizations. This arrangement confounds our attempts to understand and address the problem of corporate criminality. This paper approaches the problem of white collar crime from an institutional perspective in hopes of advancing our understanding of the organization of white collar crime. Differences of Tappan and Sutherland of definition of white collar crime One of the earliest challenges to Sutherland’s study was offered by Paul Tappan (1947). Tappan argued that Sutherland’s theory was flawed because he had categorized as â€Å"crimes† organizational activities which were sanctioned none criminally. As a central hinge point which has defined two distinct schools of inquiry into white collar crime, one legalistic and focused on the type of law violated, the other focuses on the offender. Sutherland’s tradition focuses on the offender. Sutherland addressed Tappan’s concerns in his monograph, arguing that white collar crime was different from crime committed by the poor. Principally in the administrative procedures which are used in dealing with the offenders and that variations in administrative procedures are not significant from the point of view of causation of crime. â€Å"In other words, legalistic traditions assume that, for purposes of establishing the causes of criminal behavior, the only valid definition of â€Å"criminal† is that provided by the state – after the deed, processing and specific attribution of criminal guilt. However, Sutherland argued that the state specifically avoided defining the acts of the powerful as crimes but they were crimes all the same. Sutherland’s theory that criminal behavior was learned in a group setting needed additional refinement. Other personal motivating factors influenced the choices of criminals and led to their acts of crime (Cressy, 1953. http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/crmch1.pdf)†. The two sociologists, has their own perspective according to their own likes and dislikes. I would rather say that, a person has a freedom to judge and make opinion of their own as long as it fits with the standard of the society. I can not judge to the two sociologist to which of them is right or wrong since both has a very strong asset to invoke what is right for them. I could only say, if the principles they got was accepted by society then nothing wrong with them as well. People can have their own limitation depending on how they got to use it in real situation that they might think it is good for them. References Cressy, 1953. http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/crmch1.pdf â€Å"Criminolgy†.http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/criminology/sutherland.html â€Å"Focus on Corporation†.Oct 20, 2004. http://tania.blythe-systems.com/pipermail/nytr/Week-of-Mon-20041018/007837.hml http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/crmch1.pdf â€Å"Intelligence Analysis of White Collar Crime†. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/427/427lect16.htm â€Å"Legalizing Crime†. http://resourceking.net/9/crime.php?zt=White%20Collar%20Crime Lipshitt, Brian. http://www.dragonflyworks.net/briansdir/dissert.html â€Å"The Encyclopedia of White Collar.† http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1020-33.htm â€Å"White Collar Crime†. http://www.bambooweb.com/articles/w/h/White-Collar_Crime.html Wright, Richard. http://www.routledge-ny.com nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;

Behavioral Cognitive Theories essays

Behavioral Cognitive Theories essays There were several predominant theorists in the cognitive behavioral meta-theory. Each theorist came to their conclusions, were received, and added to therapeutic skills in different ways. Their biographical history allows for a better understanding of how they came upon their conclusions. Their theories add to the understanding of human nature. Their critics expose flaws or oversights in the theories. The techniques used in the action stage of therapy today all have some historical roots in these theories and the theories of others. The overall goal being to focus on making changes in behaviors, thoughts, and feelings while continuing to explore feelings and examine values, priorities, barriers. Behaviorism began when Ivan Pavlovs dogs began to salivate upon hearing the sounds of food being prepared. Unfortunately this phenomenon ruined his saliva measuring experiment but it contributed the theory of classical conditioning. The theory is that when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus many times a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response will result. The unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlovs experiment was the food, which caused the dogs to salivate. The unconditioned stimulus normally elicits this reaction. The neutral stimulus, something that does not normally elicit the same reaction as the unconditioned stimulus, was a tone or bell. When the two were presented together the conditioned stimulus or learned stimulus became the tone and the learned behavior or conditioned response was to salivate. John B. Watson (1878 1958) expanded Pavlovs theory into the behaviorism. Due to his contribution he became know as the Father of American Behaviorism. He described behaviorism as the study of overt rather than covert behavior. His emphasis was on objectivity instead of extrospection. This concept was drastically different then the psychoanalytical theory of the time...

Domestication History of Chickens (Gallus domesticus)

Domestication History of Chickens (Gallus domesticus) The history of chickens (Gallus domesticus) is still a bit of a puzzle. Scholars agree that they were first domesticated from a wild form called red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), a bird that still runs wild in most of southeast Asia, most likely hybridized with the gray junglefowl (G. sonneratii). That occurred probably about 8,000 years ago. Recent research suggests, however, there may have been multiple other domestication events in distinct areas of South and Southeast Asia, southern China, Thailand, Burma, and India. Since the wild progenitor of chickens is still living, several studies have been able to examine the behaviors of wild and domestic animals. Domesticated chickens are less active, have fewer social interactions with other chickens, are less aggressive to would-be predators, are less susceptible to stress, and are less likely to go looking for foreign food sources than their wild counterparts. Domestic chickens have increased adult body weight and simplified plumage; domestic chicken egg production starts earlier, is more frequent, and produces larger eggs. Chicken Dispersals Chickens, Chang Mai, Thailand. David Wilmot The earliest possible domestic chicken remains are from the Cishan site (~5400 BCE) in northern China, but whether they are domesticated is controversial. Firm evidence of domesticated chickens isnt found in China until 3600 BCE. Domesticated chickens appear at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley by about 2000 BCE and from there the chicken spread into Europe and Africa. Chickens arrived in the Middle East starting with Iran at 3900 BCE, followed by Turkey and Syria (2400–2000 BCE) and into Jordan by 1200 BCE. The earliest firm evidence for chickens in east Africa are illustrations from several sites in New Kingdom Egypt. Chickens were introduced into western Africa multiple times, arriving at Iron Age sites such as Jenne-Jeno in Mali, Kirikongo in Burkina Faso and Daboya in Ghana by the mid-first millennium CE. Chickens arrived in the southern Levant about 2500 BCE and in Iberia about 2000 BCE. Chickens were brought to the Polynesian islands from Southeast Asia by Pacific Ocean sailors during the Lapita expansion, about 3,300 years ago. While it was long assumed that chickens had been brought to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadors, presumably pre-Columbian chickens have been identified at several sites throughout the Americas, most notably at the site of El Arenal-1 in Chile, ca 1350 CE. Chicken Origins: China? Two long-standing debates in chicken history still remain at least partially unresolved. The first is the possible early presence of domesticated chickens in China, prior to dates from southeast Asia; the second is whether or not there are pre-Columbian chickens in the Americas. Genetic studies in the early 21st century first hinted at multiple origins of domestication. The earliest archaeological evidence to date is from China about 5400 BCE, in geographically widespread sites such as  Cishan  (Hebei province, ca 5300 BCE), Beixin  (Shandong province, ca 5000 BCE), and Xian (Shaanxi province, ca 4300 BCE). In 2014, a few studies were published supporting the identification of early chicken domestication in northern and central China (Xiang et al.). However, their results remain controversial. A 2016 study by Chinese bioanthropologist Masaki Eda  and colleagues of 280 bird bones reported as chicken from Neolithic and Bronze age sites in northern and central China found that only a handful could securely be identified as chicken. German archaeologist Joris Peters and colleagues (2016) looked at environmental proxies in addition to other research and concluded that the habitats conducive to jungle fowl were simply not present early enough in China to allow for the domestication practice to have taken place. These researchers suggest that chickens were a rare occurrence in northern and Central China, and thus probably an import from southern China or Southeast Asia where evidence of domestication is stronger.   Based on those findings, and despite the fact that southeast Asian progenitor sites have not as yet been identified, a northern Chinese domestication event separate from that of southern China and Southeast Asia does not seem likely. Pre-Columbian Chickens in America In 2007, American archaeologist Alice Storey and colleagues identified what appeared to be chicken bones at the site of El-Arenal 1 on Chiles coast, in a context dated before the 16th-century medieval Spanish colonization, ca. 1321–1407 cal CE. The discovery is considered evidence of pre-Columbian contact of South America by Polynesian sailors, still a somewhat controversial notion in American archaeology. However, DNA studies have provided genetic support, in that chicken bones from el-Arenal contain a haplogroup which has been identified at Easter Island, which was founded by Polynesians around 1200 CE. The founding mitochondrial DNA cluster identified as Polynesian chickens includes A, B, E, and D. Tracing sub-haplogroups, Portuguese geneticist Agusto Luzuriaga-Neira and colleagues have identified one found only in eastern Asia and one from Easter Island. The presence of the sub-haplotype E1a(b) in both Easter Island and el-Arenal chickens is a key piece of genetic evidence supporting the pre-Columbian presence of Polynesian chickens on the coast of South America. Additional evidence suggesting precolumbian contact between South Americans and Polynesians has been identified, in the form of ancient and modern DNA of human skeletons in both locations. Currently, it seems likely that the chickens at el-Arenal were brought there by Polynesian sailors. Sources Dodson, John, and Guanghui Dong. What Do We Know About Domestication in Eastern Asia? Quaternary International 426 (2016): 2-9. Print.Eda, Masaki, et al. Reevaluation of Early Holocene Chicken Domestication in Northern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (2016): 25-31. Print.Fallahsharoudi, Amir, et al. Genetic and Targeted Eqtl Mapping Reveals Strong Candidate Genes Modulating the Stress Response During Chicken Domestication. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7.2 (2017): 497-504. Print.Là ¸tvedt, Pia, et al. Chicken Domestication Changes Expression of Stress-Related Genes in Brain, Pituitary . Neurobiology of Stress 7.Supplement C (2017): 113-21. Print.and AdrenalsLuzuriaga-Neira, A., et al. On the Origins and Genetic Diversity of South American Chickens: One Step Closer. Animal Genetics 48.3 (2017): 353-57. Print.Peters, Joris, et al. Holocene Cultural History of Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus Gallus) and Its Domestic Descendant in East Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 142 (2016): 102-1 9. Print. Pitt, Jacqueline, et al. New Perspectives on the Ecology of Early Domestic Fowl: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 74 (2016): 1-10. Print.Zhang, Long, et al. Genetic Evidence from Mitochondrial DNA Corroborates the Origin of Tibetan Chickens. PLOS ONE 12.2 (2017): e0172945. Print.

Industrial Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industrial Project Management - Essay Example Comprising three people, the management team also had a works manager in the team, but what is quite surprising is that the seniority or position of the works manager was never formally acknowledged, leaving bitterness amongst the staff and the team. Ideally, once the works manager is part of the management, he should have been granted the status and powers to deal with the staff as a 'manager', but the indecisiveness is apparent all over in this decision as well. All this is because the company hierarchy and decision flow system is not well planned; instead it is being run as a family business with many lines of communication sending across conflicting signals to the workforce. This not only results in confusing the workforce but it also results in delay for the customer's deliveries. Such delays leave dissatisfied customer, and employees too find it difficult to face the customers advancing reasons for delays etc. This acts as a de-motivator for the workforce. The ad-hoc approach i s also visible in the way the chairman sends across his orders and directives. Chairman is of course within his rights to select people for particular tasks, but at the same time the chairman must not appear to be taking sides opening in favour of someone or against someone, on a routine basis. The favouritism is also apparent in salary reviews for the employees. It results in lowering the morale of other people in the company. Teamwork is also affected, because employees are wary of working with such people. The company is now operating at a small scale, but taking care of customer's preferences, and quality will go a long way in preparing the company for taking on the competition for a longer period, strengthening its financials and adding more value to its products. But as of now company doesn't have any quality standards in place. Today we are living in a competitive era and quality forms one of the important cornerstones for product differentiation. Performance Improvement Essentials For sustainable development the company will have to resort to a number of measures towards improving the motivation level of the workforce, breeding team spirit and for improving the overall outlook of the company. Some of the steps that the company can take are; Motivation for the workforce: Motivation in fact proves to be of strategic importance in an era when competition requires best use of the resources for value addition and customer satisfaction. In simplest terms motivation can be defined as a means of providing motives. Motives can act towards making or spoiling the work, towards doing a job more efficiently or for distorting the work environment. The lack of any positive motivation from the management often results in an automatic negative motivation. This could be defined as the state of an individual's perspective which represents the strength of his/ her natural inclination to exert efforts towards some particular behaviour. It is through their behaviour that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. For this small manufacturing company, problems are many on the delivery front and role of the workforce becomes crucial to fulfil the