Summary of Max Webers The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit...

Summary of Max Webers The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Max Webers The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a study of the relationship between the ethics of ascetic Protestantism and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism. Weber argues that the religious ideas of groups such as the Calvinists played a role in creating the capitalistic spirit. Weber first observes a correlation between being Protestant and being involved in business, and declares his intent to explore religion as a potential cause of the modern economic conditions. He argues that the modern spirit of capitalism sees profit as an end in itself, and pursuing profit as virtuous. Webers goal is to understand the source of this†¦show more content†¦While important, this alone cannot explain the need to pursue profit. One branch of Protestantism, Calvinism, does provide this explanation. Calvinists believe in predestination--that God has already determined who is saved and damned. As Calvinism developed, a deep psychological need for clues about w hether one was actually saved arose, and Calvinists looked to their success in worldly activity for those clues. Thus, they came to value profit and material success as signs of Gods favor. Other religious groups, such as the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist sects had similar attitudes to a lesser degree. Weber argues that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic system, paving the way for modern capitalism. However, once capitalism emerged, the Protestant values were no longer necessary, and their ethic took on a life of its own. We are now locked into the spirit of capitalism because it is so useful for modern economic activity. Throughout his book, Weber emphasizes that his account is incomplete. He is not arguing that Protestantism caused the capitalistic spirit, but rather that it was one contributing factor. He also acknowledges that capitalism itself had an impact on the development of the religious ideas. The full story is much more complex than Webers partial account, and Weber himself constantly reminds his readers about his own limitations. The book itself has an introduction and five chapters. The first three chapters make upShow MoreRelatedMax Weber And Durkheim s Views On Religion1250 Words   |  5 Pagescultural systems that relate humanity to an order of existence. One of the foundations of religion is social orientation that in one way or another influence a society s social stability. Max Weber along with Emile Durkheim were very influential people in the course of social stability in the 19th century. Weber and Durkheim attempted to make comprehensible social changes, particularly in the aspects of religion of a society. Their perspectives on religion differ on some aspects. Their views on religionRead MoreMax Weber s The Protestant Ethic And The Spirit2786 Words   |  12 PagesMax Weber’s the protestant ethic and the â€Å"spirit† of capitalism is one of the most debated and discussed pieces of sociological work, both in the years following its publication and in contemporary sociology classrooms and academia. The main focus of the work surrounds how a change in religion in certain areas during the protestant reformation created the â€Å"spirit† of capitalism which then took on a life of its own. 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Attitudes Towards Death in “The Lottery” and Death Knocks Free Essays

Attitudes Towards Death in â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks are two stories that mainly deal with death. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that holds a lottery every year where the winner of the lottery is stoned to death by the rest of the town. In Death Knocks, death visits a man named Nat and tells him it is hit time to go. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitudes Towards Death in â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nat plays death in a game of gin rummy where he wins so death has to give him another day to live. The attitudes towards death in these two stories are mainly quite different, however there are a few things that are similar. Death Knocks has a more realistic view of death because in â€Å"The Lottery† the towns people act as if being picked to die for no reason is not a big deal. Death Knocks and â€Å"The Lottery† have very different attitudes towards death. In Death Knocks, when Nat is told that he is going to die he says that he is not ready. Nat implies that he is not ready to die. In â€Å"The Lottery† the whole town acts as though being chosen to die is just another part of their everyday lives. The townspeople act as if the lottery is not a big deal. They all talk to each other and act calmly, then when the winner is picked they carry on with the stoning without hesitating. In Death Knocks Nat states that he has a wife and he wants to talk to her. In â€Å"The Lottery† Bill Hutchinson does not hesitate at all to point out that his wife is the one that won the lottery. This shows that the attitude towards death of spouses is completely different. In Death Knocks Nat cares about his spouse but in â€Å"The Lottery† Bill Hutchinson acts as if his wife dying is no big deal. There aren’t very many similarities in these two stories but if looked at closely one small similarity can be found. When Nat is told he is going to die he says he is not ready. In â€Å"The Lottery† it seems as though everyone is okay with dying. However when it comes down to it and Mrs. Hutchinson is about to be stoned she says â€Å"it isn’t fair†. This shows that deep down she really does want to live. Just like Nat in Death Knocks. Both â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks have very different attitudes towards death but Death Knocks is a more realistic attitude. In â€Å"The Lottery† the town deals with death almost as if it is a game. For no reason someone is picked to be killed. In Death Knocks Nat does not want to die, right from the very beginning of the story. In today’s society there is no way that people being killed for no reason would ever be tolerated or accepted. This is why Death Knocks has a more realistic attitude towards death. How to cite Attitudes Towards Death in â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks, Essay examples

Contemporary Pedagogical Debate-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Pedagogical Debate. Answer: Introduction There have been a lot of debates in the recent past on the real meaning of pedagogy in the modern society. Creative arts have no limitation in their place from which they should be taught. Tutors have been arguing for the need to scrutinize technology will transform today's learning. The modern pedagogies in creative arts include transformative pedagogies, discipline-based critical design, cultural diversity, critical, self-sustainability, inquiry learning, reflection learning, personalized learning and reflection learning. A primary importance of education is to make students be able to think critically. It is an essential employment skill whether self-employment or getting employed to work for other organizations(Robbinson, 2011). It is important for every primary school to embrace the modern teaching methods and not just stick to the traditional style. However, there are no quick solutions to change, and it needs time for every parent, teacher, and pupil to understand before any i mplementation can begin individually. Learners in the 21st Century must be furnished with the ability use the new pedagogies will create individuals that are all-round for the betterment of the community. Forms of creative arts pedagogy in the contemporary classroom Critical learning pedagogy The teaching of creative arts is inherent in creating solid knowledge stand similar to creating social justice and democracy. When critical awareness is achieved, students will be able to think critically. A connection is established between the student and the teaching process that will help in establishing the individual's social context. Learning is articulated to all the activities in reading, writing, speaking and thought(Wright, 2003). Mere knowledge only helps in finding a standard solution to an art problem. Reflection on a learning experience is the goal of teaching in with the critical pedagogy. Evaluation of failed parts of the process will necessitate enhancement of those parts only which is easier for the teachers. Freedom of consciousness will enable students to recognize bad tendencies and connect the powers and abilities of knowledge to take a valuable position that is firm. The wisdom in traditional education is deceitful without shifting the social context of creati ve arts(Perkins, 2008). Creative pedagogy Another argument has raised the creative teaching. Most researchers have unanimity of agreement in the series of innovative teaching, teaching creativity and allowing the students to have a creative learning. Researchers in the century have identified that creative learning by a pupil is essential in the completing the creative pedagogy(Tolkien, 2011). The education idea has been overlooked in the professional training of teachers. Teachers need to show the schoolchildren the importance of accepting all possible solutions for tasks and that they can get a new understanding of the ideas. The role teachers in creative learning are overall to the perceptions of the students. Learners of creative arts must be taught how to be creators through a changed learning process. Emphasis is put on the learning process as much as in the final solution without overlooking the other. A learner can differ from a subject of the task in a way to achieve a greater efficiency(Gardner, 1995). The traditio nal methodology of the subject has to be transformed to a means to achieve creative goals. Efficient, creative learners are the products of creative teaching. Cultural diversity A stronger community can be created by putting a lot of emphases to capitalize and develop individual strengths of a pupil. Diversity variables of food, games and gender roles should be supported by teachers as a glorious way to creativity. The variables should not divide the schoolchildren but aim at putting them together. The role of equity is held by the teachers. Researchers argue that students in the modern classroom should be treated with fairness and equality regardless of gender, age, race, disabilities, sexual orientation and religion. An individual idea of a learner must be supported with the same gravity as that put on others'. Teachers must avoid stereotyping of resources and examples. The teachers are encouraged to design their teaching in a way that pays attention to varied groups of learners. The collaboration of diverse groups of pupils has an impact in enhancing diversity. The different cultural experiences of schoolchildren should be used to devise ways that will ad d value to everyone's learning experiences. Assessment of equity has to be part of a course to analyze equality development(Wiggins, 2009). Transformative pedagogies Objects should be used in supporting the teaching of creative arts in primary schools. In object centered learning, students participate in with environmental variables and stimulate curiosity and interest. The relationship between the learner and the object creates a construction that is meaningful. Decoding of objects helps to develop skills like communication and critical thinking that will assist in developing a greater understanding of ones beliefs and assumptions. Creative arts teachers will be enabled by this pedagogy to explore the best emerging practices and articulate archives and collections as teaching objects. It is a source of diversity in the arts curricula. The object in object oriented learning is the mediator to associate the role of instruction and the student. Decoding of objects associatively in a participatory environment transfers skills between the learners(Eisner, 2002). Personalized learning pedagogy The world changes considerably because of innovations. An individualized education program will enhance the flexibility required in the job market. The personalized teaching of creative arts goes a step ahead of the traditional content knowledge. Teaching instructions must be aligned to emotional and social needs of a learner and then individualize the information to design a personal experience. The pace of personalized information will vary according to the needs and mastering levels(Elkins, 2012). The period elapsed to get assessment feedback will allow for a real-time handling of each learner because they have different abilities. It is also purported that the learners will have clear learning objectives away from the general goal of content knowledge. Pupils have various social environments and need not be exposed to a standardized teaching process. The traditional teaching process creates a standardized model that will give learners standardized input and expect standard output . The idea like this has never produced the desired results in the real world thereby creating a need for personalization(Dewey, 1980). Self-sustainability pedagogy Schoolchildren learning creative arts should be enabled to self-evaluate their learning process and success. The knowledge and skills should give the motivation to pursue personal objectives. Students will enthusiastically create solutions to problems that were earlier out of their control. Such personal responsibility, commitment, and initiative using abilities whether an individual or collective will lead to success. The human potential in learners is an interdependence of all environmental factors, and teachers address mental, spiritual, physical and emotional components of the schoolchildren. The students will be enlightened on societal interactions in social lives and governance (Rose, et al. 1998). Design of learning models should value multidisciplinary recognition, objectives and determination of methods, negotiation abilities and flexibility. Conclusion My view is that the modern classroom pedagogy of creative arts in primary schools is that creativity has to be enhanced to give pupils flexibility in solving emerging problems. The application of personal learning and transformative processes has to be applied in education curriculum for creative arts disciplines. The traditional standardized teaching curricula should be altered to accommodate the needs of the modern classroom and to create proactive students and individuals. Finally, the government through the ministry of education should discourage the traditional methodology of teaching as it creates learners who over-adapt to survive in a problem instead of solving the problem. Pupils must be empowered to apply their knowledge and skills in the external environment to enhance enthusiasm and a self-reliance effort to solving tasks. References Clay Gordon, John Hertrich, Peter Jones, Janet Mills, Jim Rose. (1998). The Arts Inspected. London: Heinemann. Dewey, J. (1980). Art As Experience. New York: Perigee. Eisner, E. (2002). The Arts and the Creation of Mind. London,. London: Yale University Press. Elkins, J. (2012). Education for Inclusion and Diversity. Sydney: Pearson. Gardner, H. (1995). The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should teach. New York: Basic Books. Perkins, R. (2008). First Australians. First Australians, 1-19. Robbinson, K. (2011). Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative. New York: Capstone. Tolkien, R. (2011). Helping the Invisible Children. Education Review, 24-25. Wiggins, J. (2009). Teaching For Musical Understanding. Oakland: CA. Wright, S. (2003). Children, Meaning-Making and the Arts. Sydney: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Stoning Essays - Capital Punishment, Stoning, Torture, Saint Stephen

Stoning Of Stephen The Stoning of Stephen (Acts 7:54-60) With the stoning of Stephen we have the first martyr of the Christian church. The word martyr is defined as a person who dies rather than renounce a religion; a person who makes a great sacrifice for the sake of principle. Stephen was that and much more. Stephen was brought in front of the Sanhedrin on false charges by the high priest. The high priest were persecuting the apostles because they were spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ. When the high priest asked Stephen about the charges him began to preach to them. They became extremely upset and decided to stone him. The men who were persecuting Stephen were said to be gnashing upon him with their teeth. Matthew Henry says that this denotes great vexation within themselves; they fretted to see in him such manifest tokens of a divine power and presence, and it vexed them to the heart. The wicked shall see it and be grieved, he shall gnash with his teeth and melt away, (Ps. 112:10). Gnashing with the teeth is often use to express the horror and torments of the damned. Those that have the malice of hell cannot but have with it some of the pains of hell. This shows that the men who were getting ready to stone Stephen knew that what Stephen was preaching was right. They felt conviction and in turn decided to stone him. Stephen was a man of God so he knew that God would do as he wished in this situation. Stephen was at piece while all this was going on. "While his hearers gave vent to their annoyance, Stephen remained calm, full controlled as before by the Spirit of God." He was not afraid because his God was in control. Henry says "As his persecutor were full of Satan, so was he full of the Holy Ghost, fuller than ordinary, anointed with fresh oil for the combat, that, as the day, so might the strength be." The Holy Spirit came upon Stephen in his time of need. Because Stephen was full of the Holy Spirit he looked heavenward. He was not interested in the men getting ready to stone him but he was interested in his Father. "They had their eyes fixed upon him, full of malice and cruelty; but he looked up to heaven, and never minded them, was so taken up with the eternal life now in prospect that he seemed to have no manner of concern for the natural life now at state." Stephen was looking forward to being home with his Father. Through all of this Stephen still kept the second greatest commandment. That is love you neighbor as yourself. In the midst of being stoned he still had the love of God in him for the people stoning him. He said to God in verse 60, " Lord, do not hold this sin against them." In these words we see how Stephen shows the character of Jesus. "There was yet another of our Lord's words from the cross echoed by Stephen. For, on his knees among the flying stones, he made his last appeal to the heavenly court?not this time for his own vindication but for mercy toward his executioners." In this story we as Christians have a perfect of example of what it means to be totally sold out to Christ. Stephen was doing the work of the Lord by spreading the gospel. When he was persecuted for it he did not back down or run into a corner and hide. Instead he stood boldly for Christ. He knew that he would face death but that did not matter to him because he could not deny Christ. In his time of need the Holy Spirit came upon him and anointed him with peace. We also see God's love for all in Stephen when he asked in verse sixty that the Lord not hold it against them. Stephen was truly a man of God.

The Use of Sexual Themes in Advertising

The Use of Sexual Themes in Advertising Introduction Marketers employ various advertising techniques to change the attitudes of their consumers especially when consumer motivation, opportunity, and ability are low. In so doing, the marketers enable their customers to expend minimal efforts particularly in terms of processing information, engaging in behavioral change relative to product consumption, and making decisions. Normally, most studies show that consumers are bound to develop attitudes towards something unconsciously (Hoyer and Macinnis 160).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sexual Themes in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, these attitudes are also influenced by limited judgment and bodily responses. Again, when the consumers base their attitudes on cognitive processes of the mind, the message delivered by the marketer should be able to influence customer beliefs, which are certainly formed through assumptions, in ferences, heuristics, and ascriptions (Hoyer and Macinnis 165). Moreover, most marketers do influence the favorability and strength of customer beliefs through the use of credible sources of advertising, consistent sources of information, message arguments, and repetition in advertising. Here, sexual themes have been employed in advertising whereby two major forms of sex: sexual suggestiveness and partial or complete nudity, are used to evoke a positive consumer response to a particular product or brand (Hoyer and Macinnis 166). Consequently, the use of sexual themes in adverts is effective because the classical conditioning theory states that consumer attitudes and behavior are bound to change as a result of repeatedly pairing a message together with a stimulus that generates positive emotional feedbacks in the consumers (Hoyer and Macinnis 167). Therefore, this essay looks at Calvin Klein’s advertising techniques through comparing two adverts, the first one involving a man and the other a woman. In the long run, it is certain that the advert involving the CK woman is more effective compared to the CK man. Advert Details The first advert involves a young man in the age of 17-26 years wearing a blue CK jeans overcoat, CK underwear, white boots, and a pair of brown socks. In this advert, it is certain that the marketer is interested in selling the jeans overcoat and the underwear as opposed to the shoes and socks because the latter are not so much exposed in the picture. Furthermore, the model’s skin tone is not the center of this advert because the picture contrast is low. Conversely, the ad targets young men in the age of 17-26 years. Moreover, the ad utilizes sexual suggestiveness, partial nudity, sexual model positioning, and overt sexualization techniques to deliver the message to the intended groups.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the second advert involves a sexy young woman in the age of 16-24 years wearing a white CK singlet, a blue CK jeans skirt, and white CK underwear. The woman is positioned in a way that reflects sexual suggestiveness and partial nudity to the viewer. Furthermore, in this advert, the marketer intends to advertise the blue skirt, the white singlet, and the underwear because all the products can be noticed at first glance. Moreover, the model’s skin tone is also to be noticed because in this picture, the contrast is high. Accordingly, the advert is intended for young women in the age of 16-24 years who would wish to look like the model in the picture. Therefore, this advert utilizes sexual suggestiveness, partial nudity, source attractiveness and likability, and sexual model positioning techniques to deliver the message. Advert Similarities Charging from the contents of the adverts described in the foregoing discussions, it obvious that the two ads look alike in that they both use young attractive models positioned in sexual suggestive positions that deliver the intended message without disgusting the viewer. Furthermore, the two ads utilize almost the same advertising techniques such as source attractiveness because the two models are both very attractive to the viewers. In addition, the two ads employ partial nudity by ensuring that the models’ sensitive body parts are not completely exposed to the viewer as this may disgust some classes of consumers. Differences between the Ads On the other hand, major differences are notable in the way the two ads are presented to the viewers. First, it is obvious that the first advert involves a woman and the second one involves a man. Secondly, the first advert utilizes a low picture contrast to suggest that the intended audience may not pay much attention to the skin color or tone of the model as they will attend to the products and model positioning. On the other hand, the second advert ut ilizes a high picture contrast to suggest that besides the marketer intending to advertise the products, the marketer would also wish for the consumers to pay attention to the model’s attractiveness. Conversely, differences between the two ads can also be noted in the way the camera has positioned the models. For instance, in the first advert, the camera has focused on the upper body and part of the lower body while cutting out a considerable portion of the feet and shoes. And in the second ad, the camera has positioned the model in such as way that the whole body is fitted into the picture. In addition, all the products in the second picture are noticeable by the viewer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Sexual Themes in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advert Critique It is no doubt that the two ads are very attractive and effective in delivering the intended message to the audience. Ho wever, it is certain that the second ad is more effective because at first glance, the model can capture the consumer’s attention since she is so attractive and strategically positioned. Secondly, the ad generates emotional responses such as sexual arousal, lust, and enthusiasm, which are bound to influence ones’ mood and attitude towards the products being advertised. Conclusions The essay looks at the art of using sexual themes in advertising by looking at two CK adverts involving a man and a woman. From the foregoing discussions, it is certain that the use of sexual themes in advertising influences consumer attitudes and mood, and thus, they can achieve to attract the customer’s attention towards particular brands and products. Furthermore, it is notable that marketers employ various techniques such as source attractiveness and likability, partial or complete nudity, sexual suggestiveness, and sexual model positioning to gain the attention of their audience. Work Cited Hoyer, Wayne D. and Macinnis, Deborah J. Consumer behavior. USA: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print.

Ads and personal values Essays - Today, Free Essays, Term Papers

Dashawn Lewis Professor Robert English 1101 5, Oct, 2015 Ads and personal values I just discovered that i dont know anything about todays society.This of course came as a shock. I had thought that i was an informed citizen but i now know otherwise. this enlightenment came at great cost in time,and effort. the time was spent in watching television for for hour. The effort was to not lose my mind for unlike any other hour of tv, this time i was forced to actually watch the commercials. the values that tv presents seem to be present their own version of morality and values. thier idea of morality might not coincide with ours, but it does sell their products. Wait, i just learned that if i buy my girlfriend an anniversary band she will know that i love her. But of course the band is a few thousand dollars. oh wait, easy financing is a valuable. Damn i missed the small print that flashed for two seconds on the bottom of the screen. Oh well it must not have been important. wont my gf love me even if i cant afford to buy her this bracelet? i wonder if this is going to leave an impression on anyone with an anniversary coming up? could that be the intention? If i want to enjoy work i had better listen to the 99.1 jams and for lunch i can run out to arbys for 99 cent roast beef sandwiches,but only for a limited time. And if those sandwiches get me sick i can go to Osco and get some medicine twenty-four hours a day. All of these ads just came rapid fire. Is this playing upon my need for instant gratification? are the advertisers trying to get me to hurry? I have to go see a jeep dealer so i can outrun a bull in heat, but i better be carefull if i get it too dirty the pigs will fall in love with it. wow is that a nice jeep, but what is the price anyway? And is it practical to own a vehicle that can go anywhere on or off the road? i dont really need a car that can drive up the side of a mountain. But if a jeep isnt my ticket then buick has the car for me. its fast and responsive, just the car to get me to arbys for the 99 cent special. Here again i missed the small print. i wonder why they flash it so fast? what is in that print anyway? oh, if i get hungry i can go to I Hop, for a breakfast special. Guaranteed in ten minutes or it free. Now that a deal!! And guess what? Here it is again a repeat. i really had better go get that bracelet for my gf. and the buick must be really a good car for these people on tv to like is so well. And what is it with the Micheal Jordan hanes boxer anyway? i cant seem to figure out what it will do for me. Oh well i suppose if i wait they will tell me. i wonder what happened during my upbringing to leave me so deficient? is there anything that i can do to change this inability to make my own decision? Here it is for a very cool price i can buy the car that i need. it will get me where i want to go. And the females will stick to it like it was a magnet. Wow i need this car, I sure am glad they let me in on the secret. Of course i need over twenty thousand dollars to get it. But the women..And is this car the only way i can pick up females or is my charming personality enough? Oh well least my can get me to school. And how would i pay for this vehicle? It would be a huge drain on my finances, But that is not something they stated in the ad. Do i really need this car anyway? Will do all the things that implied in the ad? Today society as presented in this hour of commercials seem to be one of instant gratification,and

MKT Unit 3 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MKT Unit 3 IP - Research Paper Example Organization which can adapt itself with the changing business needs and scenarios are in a greater position to remain sustainable and competitive in the long term. The rise of technology has transformed the global markets in to a single connected entity. As businesses around the world engage in cross border transactions with individuals and other business entities, the issue of security in online financial transactions has gained high importance. This project introduces a new online product, which belongs to the online transaction market. This new product will try to resolve consumer issues faced in regards to existence of high service charges as well as level of security and confidentiality provided by the online transaction service provider. Introduction The world of business today has undergone a significant amount of change as compared to the early decades. Due to the rise of technology and internet, the extent of doing business for organizations as well as individuals comprises of various markets around the world. In the context of engaging business in various markets, the individuals and organizations has to engage in online transfer of high value transactions. As of the recent times, the financial options that are available to facilitate the online money transfer has some strong drawbacks in regards to the financial cap allowed as well as the application of high service charges. ... n as well as effective integration of the various elements of the promotion mix like advertising, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing with the multiple other elements of the marketing mix of the brand like product, place and price (Shimp, 2013, p. 12). It is important to remember that in the context of integrated marketing communication, the AIDA concept holds tremendous importance. The AIDA framework talks about generating awareness, interest, desire and action from the consumers. The various elements of the communication mix like advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relations campaign as well as personal selling helps the marketer in implementing the AIDA concept for the purpose of value communication of their product or service. In the course of discussing the aspects of integrated marketing communications, each of the elements will be explained in details while weighing their respective pros and cons. Advertising Advertising is a paid and mediat ed form of communication which originates from a reliable and identifiable source, whose responsibility comprises of generating consumer interest or consumer action in regards to the value offered through the product or service (Shimp, 2010, p. 182). Advertising in the modern day world can happen through the traditional channels like the print and electronic media as well as through the digitized channels like the internet and online social media. Since the channels of advertising have become diversified in nature with the advancement of technology, so the advantages and disadvantages of advertising has to be evaluated in a separate case by case basis. While judging the advantage of traditional channels like the print and electronic media, the factor of geographical selection, content

MEDIATION MEMORANDUM Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MEDIATION MEMORANDUM - Coursework Example hat the grapes and its products were quickly becoming a desired product and I realized that soon the grape producer will find a better offer from another distributor and buyer. I decided to protect myself and my future business investments by drafting a contract which would ensure that the grape producer will always be selling her products to me. The contract also stipulated that the price will not be increased by any cost no matter who will be willing to purchase the products later on and at whatever cost. The son of the grape producer made the delivery and since the contract was time conscious and I did not know what would happen between that delivery and the next, I explained the contract details to the son and he signed the contract. I did not coerce him into signing it and it was therefore a mutual decision after going through the contract to formalize the business deals. I had no prior knowledge of his age as he looked and seemed quite competent in handling the delivery and the payments, and I thought he was of age if he could be sent to handle the business on behalf of his parents. A few weeks later, my fears turned true after the grape producer received a better offer in price and in produce quantity and decided that my business was not worth continuing the business deal. I decided to remind the grape producer about the contract agreement only to find out that the son never mentioned it to the parents. I cannot let my efforts, and the hard work I have put into advertising and marketing the grape products from scratch, go to waste simply because a better offer has been found. It is not fair that I was the one who built the business and now that the product is known to others, I am kept aside and forgotten. The issue at hand is the lack of honoring the contract which has been signed already meaning the terms and conditions of the contract have been agreed upon and hence it can simply not be terminated without the two parties in the contract coming to an

An Investigation Into the Differences Between Retail and Investment Banks Essay Example for Free

An Investigation Into the Differences Between Retail and Investment Banks Essay Over the past decades, retail banks have remained the main commercial bank for consumers, rather than corporations or other banks. The investment bank has become more popular amongst individuals, corporations and governments which are interested in raising their profits. Retail banks and investment banks have different organizational structures and activities. So they have many differences, such as services, customers and profits. And this report aims to distinguish between the retail bank and the investment bank in order to identify their specific service areas. Firstly, the author will review some literature focusing on the definitions. Secondly, the author will illustrate the differences between them from their target activities and functions. Retail banks offer a range of services to individual customers and small businesses, rather than to large companies and other banks. These include: savings and transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards and credit cards. An investment bank is a bank which specializes in providing funds to corporate borrowers for startup or expansion and does not accept deposits but provides services to those who offer securities to investors, and to those investors themselves. It may also assist and support companies which are involved in mergers and acquisitions, and provides ancillary services such as market making, trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange, commodities, and equity securities. From the definitions above, it clearly shows that the two types of bank provide substantially different services to customers. As a normal customer, I think the retail banks are better than the investment banks. And there are three advantages of the retail banks. Firstly, the retail banks have more branches than the investment banks. For example, Lloyds TSB Bank is a retail bank in the United Kingdom, and according to Lloyds TSB website, the bank has nearly 1,900 branches across the UK. This means that you can find the branches of TSB almost everywhere. So you can deal with some normal business easily, the branches of retail banks can be found almost everywhere. For example, you want to make emergency loans, you do not have enough time to find an investment bank to make loans, so you must choose the retail banks. Moreover, the retail banks can supply some services which the investment banks do not provide. When you want to transfer from one account to another account, you can not go to the investment banks, because the investment banks do not offer this kind of service. Therefore, if you want to deal with some normal business (such as savings, mortgages and credit cards) at a bank, it would be better to choose the retail banks. The Royal Bank of Scotland is one of the retail banking is part of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, and together with NatWest and Ulster Bank, provides branch banking facilities throughout the UK. And it can provide almost every service that the retail banks have. So it has a good reputation in Scotland. Finally, the risk of retail banks is relatively lower than the investment banks. You can get money from the rate of interest which can be higher than the other banks. Such as Barclays Corporate which belongs to the Barclays Group and provide these kinds of services (such as savings, transactional accounts, mortgages, debit cards, credit cards). It offers a service called monthly savings which is its regular savings plan that allows you to save regularly over 12 months, and you can get higher interest rates are paid where no withdrawals have been made in the previous month. This means that you can get high fixed interest of up to 3. 25% AER / 3. 20% in months when no withdrawals are made. And the revenue of the retail banks is stability and fixed. So you do not need to pay more attention to the asset in the retail banks. These advantages of the retail banks are the reasons why the retail banks are better as a normal customer. As an advanced person or a company, I think the investment banks are better. There are also many advantages of the investment banks which usually provide services for the company. First of all, most of the investment banks are global company and it can provide services more widely than the retail banks. Such as Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services firm providing a wide range of investment banking, securities, investment management and wealth management It reports US$779 billion as assets under its management. Its headquarter located in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. It has companies in 37 countries with over 1,200 offices, employees dedicated to local businesses, government agencies, institutions and individuals. So the investment banks can provide the services (such as trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange and commodities) all over the world. Secondly, the revenue of the investment banks significantly more than profit of other types of banks. If you save your extra money in the retail banks, you can only get the interest from the rates. But if you sand your money to the investment banks you can get remarkable returns although it has a high risk. For example the Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American investment bank and securities. And it provides mergers and acquisitions advice, underwriting services, asset management, and prime brokerage to its clients, which include corporations, governments and individuals. Amazingly, the company in US profits reached a record $ 13. 39 billion in 2010, on average common shareholders equity rate of return is 22. 5%. At last, the investment banks also can provide some special services that the retail banks do not offer. For instance, it can supply a particularly serving called â€Å"financial advice† what can make financial of a company more reasonability and determine the future line of development. UBS AG is a diversified global financial services company, with its main headquarters in Basel and Zurich, Switzerland and UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide. With Premier Advisory Services, UBS offers you the opportunity to schedule individual one-on-one consultations with CEFS experts who understand your equity-linked compensation as an integrative part of your total wealth management, know about the different plan vehicles and can support you on issues such as How can I best align my equity-linked compensation with my total wealth management or When should I exercise, which strategy is the best.

Economics Q & A :: Economics

1) The current recession is the longest since the Great Depression in the 1930's. We are still far from a recovery with unemployment at about 9.7% and weekly new jobless claims at 442,000+. In your view, are we about to grow out of the recession or will it continue? In addition to the unemployment data, support your positions with such economic indicators as: new housing starts, used home sales, GDP growth, etc. The current recession or financial crises began in United States of America and created a domino effect of creating instability in the financial markets the world over; the spark of this recession ignited fire around December 2007. Our current financial crisis is also known as sub-prime mortgage crisis and it occurred because of reckless practices of giving out loans, without backing them with security or collateral. Obviously this credit bubble that had been blown by investment and commercial banks primarily popped when loans started going bad and risky borrowings got exposed. The fall of Lehman Brothers was a major blow as it created a situation of panic. This was also accompanied by a fall in house and share prices. If we look at the latest statistics regarding the overall condition of the economy, there are evident indications of recovery. According to an economic report published in Market Watch (www.marketwatch.com), the US economy has grown at the rate of 5.6% during the last 3 months of 2009. According to the report, during the past year US real GDP had grown by 0.1%. It is said that the increase in this GDP figure should be associated with changes in inventories and not by final sales; in addition, on average the before tax profits have risen by 8% and a modest rise in consumer spending. A rise in business profit also indicates a probable rise in investments and increase in employment in future. Martin Feldstein, the former president and founder of the National Bureau of Economic Research, has predicted that the recession will end in the year 2010. Now coming to some facts, we all know that a rise in spending shows an increase in aggregate demand in an economy signified by a high GDP, this marks the end of recession. The following graph shows the year to year change in new car registration in UK. The graph clearly shows the fall in the % change in registrations in 2008 of around 25% to 35%, especially towards its end.

On balance, do you think Google has a serious public relations problem?

On balance, do you think Google has a serious public relations problem? I believe Google does not have a serious public relations problem because of two reasons; first, Google has reconciled with many companies or organizations even if they have litigations, second, Google fires excellent talents and specialists on public relations problem. It is true that Google have experienced litigations. As Google expand its size and growth, they are more likely to have litigation and regulation, especially from competitors or other organizations.However, Google won most of its cases. For example, Google has been working on Google Books Library Project. The main purpose of this project is to make a lot of books in many libraries available on-line. Against this project, the Association of American Publishers (AAP) filed a lawsuit as an infringement of copyright in 2005. It took so long time to be judged, but Google finally reconciled with AAP. Although the detail of this litigation is not announc ed publicly, Google has suggested separating the profit earned by selling books.Of course Google needs to make profits because it is a business firm whose primary goal is earning profits to stockholders. However, one of the most important missions of Google is to make more information available to more people. Many publishers also benefits by Google Books Library Project because customers get more opportunities to know their books. Google will have litigations in the future, but Google will be able to reconcile them if Google can provide benefits to other organizations and construct win-win relationships. The second reason is Google has excellent talents.Sergey Brin and Larry Page were Ph. D students of Stanford, and what’s more Google has had outstanding software engineers and mathematicians, many holding worthless stock options. These talents and plenty of funds are able to attract more marvelous employees specializing in legal problems such patents, copyrights, or trademar ks. Specialists concerning legal issues are especially important for Google, because Google provides service rather than products. Because of the feature of intangibility, services can create profits by licensing.Thus, at the stage of planning Google needs to consider whether a new project is legal or not, and they can actually judge these problems thanks to excellent talents. To conclude, I believe Google does not have serous relations problems, because Google can reconcile the litigations by creating win-win relationships with other organizations and holds excellent specialists who can consider whether a new project is legal or not. What is a strategic window of opportunity? What kind of firms are most likely to discover such a window?The first window of opportunity was emerging of Internet. In the 1990s, the Internet has emerged and many people got a accessibility to a lot of information through the Internet. However, it was not easy to find what a researcher looking for because the amount of information is massive. Researcher sometimes felt frustrated with the clutter of Web sites. Sergey Brin and Larry Page, founders of Google, considered this problem as a window of opportunity and believed a better use of links would help researcher to find more relevant information for their researches.Based on this strategy, Brin and Page started to work on analyzing Web links in 1996. Through the process of analyzing Web links, they developed a ranking system for searching the Internet that yielded prioritized results based on relevance to the object of the search. In the next year, they developed the search engine, and they provided it to students, faculty, and administrators on the Stanford campus. This is the first opportunity for Google, and resulted in the birth of Google.The second window of opportunity was they have developed the new type of advertisements. After the development of search engine, the number of people using is increased, but its revenue from lic ensing remained small. Google needed to expand profit to maintain their vision of vast information available to users without charge. Then, Google decided to allow advertiser access to their multitude of users. They developed the standards for size and type of advertisements in order to avoid the irrelevant ads.At first Google offered advertisements to large businesses, but they noticed substantial market potential soon. This is the Google’s strategic window of opportunity. They found out the potential market by allowing smaller businesses to easily sign up online with a credit card, and their advertisements to start running within minutes. Although other competitors already offered advertisements for large businesses, Google is the first company that noticed the advantages of speed and low cost of advertisements for small businesses. Brin and Page also added another innovative idea.The ranked advertisements based on relevance, and this innovation helped providing feedback to advertisers. Considering Google’s strategic window of opportunity, Google found out the customers’ problems such as a clutter of Web sites or difficulty for small businesses to run their advertisements, and Google solved these problems with innovative idea. Thus, a firm needs to have excellent ability to find what potential customers need and also own innovative idea or skills to satisfy those needs in order to discover a window of opportunity.

A Critical Analysis Of “The Send Off” By Wilfred Owen Essay

This essay intends to examine the poem â€Å"The Send Off† by Wilfred Owen. Owen wrote this poem while he was stationed at Ripon army camp. He was based there after being a patient at the Craiglockhart War Hospital, this is where he met Robert Graves and Siegfried Sassoon. Owen was at Ripon between March and June, 1918 and died in action on the fourth of November 1918. â€Å"The Send Off† is a poem about some troops that have just come from a sending off ceremony before departing by train, presumably to the frontlines of World war One. The poem has many themes running through it. Some of these are death, strangers, flowers, secretiveness and healing. The poem opens with a very claustrophobic first line – â€Å"down the close, darkening lanes they sang their way† The words ‘down’, ‘close’ and ‘darkening’ provide the reader with a feeling of doom, claustrophobia and fear of uncertainty. The image of going ‘down’ provides the reader with the images of death, darkness, being buried, walking the trenches and going to hell. This opening line also provides a rather prophetic image of people being sent to concentration camps, by train, in World War Two. Further enhanced by ‘siding shed’. From the phrase â€Å"they sang their way2 there is an opposed feeling of happiness to the claustrophobia. However, the singing changes from happiness when the poem is read again and the other themes are considered. Flowers are the next prominent theme displayed in this poem. They appear in line four, stanza one and line fifteen, stanza three. â€Å"Their breasts were stuck all white with wreath and spray As men’s are, dead.† The flowers are described as white and in wreath form, the reader may imagine in this line that white lilies are associated with funerals. The language in this line gives the impression that the troops are covered in white flowers  and that the flowers are ‘stuck’ to their ‘breasts’ as in a coffin. This is further enhanced by the abrupt end to this line ‘dead’. The impression is that the soldiers are predresseed for their own funerals. â€Å"Nor there if they yet mock what women meant Who gave them flowers.† In this line the poet is asking if the women, who gave the troops the flowers, realise that the flowers are symbolising the reality of the horrors and the almost certain death that these troops are going to face in the frontline. The theme of funerals is picked up again in stanza two – â€Å"Dull porters watched them, and a casual tramp Stood staring hard,† The strangers, the porters, tramp, guard and women are all watching the troops, covered in flowers march from their army camp to the train station. The troops, in deliberately, are predressed for their funeral and there are no apparent cheers or voices in the poem as they depart, they are leaving silently, secretly and this leaves the reader feeling that it is a funeral convoy passing by and that the troops are experiencing foreboding of doom and may well be resigned to their fate on the frontlines. â€Å"They sang their way dimly gay† further shows that the troops are resigned to their fate and are singing their way to almost certain death.. interestingly, there is a large amount of secretiveness throughout this poem. It is first apparent in stanza three – â€Å"So secretly, like wrongs hushed-up, they went.† This line makes the reader question why the troops are departing so secretly, then in line thirteen the phrase – â€Å"We never heard to which front these were sent.† Shows that the troops and general public were not aware of where the troops would go to fight, or what the true nature of the realities would be when they got to their destination and that the public were not made aware of these realities and truths, in fact it was concealed from them. The secretiveness is also mentioned in stanza two, lines nine and ten – â€Å"Then unmoved, signals nodded, and a lamp Winked to the guard.† Here the theme of secretiveness is displayed through the imagery of the signals nodded and a lamp winked, the reader feels conspiratorial messages conveyed through Morse code. In the last stanza the secretiveness theme appears again, but this time, it is linked with the return of the soldiers. This stanza implies that only a few of these soldiers are likely to survive the war and return to their homes. However, they will ‘creep back’ implies that the soldiers may not wish to return as heroes and may need to heal themselves both mentally and physically. In conclusion â€Å"The Send Off† by Wilfred Owen starts off as a poem about a sending off ceremony towards the end of the war but in fact goes on much deeper to discuss the differences between what people at home perceive the war to be and the actual realities that the soldiers face at the frontlines. The last stanza hints at healing, and suggests that those few soldiers who do return may wish to do so silently, and not as heroes, and may not wish to discuss the realities and horrors that they have experienced. Thus, the  title is rather ambiguous.

Jumanji Book & Movie Essays - Jumanji, English-language Films

Jumanji Book & Movie Essays - Jumanji, English-language Films Jumanji Book & Movie Jumanji, a classic story which started out as a children's book has also been converted into the movie media form. Jumanji, a children's picture book which was written and illustrated by Chris Van Ellsberg in 1981, Jumanji was the Caldecott Medal Winner of 1982, with some of the most detailed pictures I personally have ever seen done by a free hand illustrator. The book Jumanji is about two children, Peter and Judy, whose parents go out to the opera one night. Peter and Judy decide that they are bored and go for a walk outside in the park across the street. Peter finds a board game lying by a tree named Jumanji. The children bring Jumanji home to play to play with it. After setting Jumanji up on the card table in the living room, Judy reads the directions, Jumanji, a young people's jungle adventure especially designed for the bored and restless. A.) Player selects piece and places it in the deepest jungle. B.) Player rolls dice and moves piece along path through the dangers of the jungle. C.) First player to reach Jumanji and yell the city's name aloud is the winner. D.) VERY IMPORTANT: ONCE THE GAME IS STARTED IT WILL NOT BE OVER UNTIL ONE PLAYER REACHES THE GOLDEN CITY.' When Judy finishes reading the directions aloud, the children start playing Jumanji. Peter wanted to roll the dice first, he rolled a seven. Suddenly Judy saw a lion sitting on the piano and the lion started to walk toward the children. Peter jumped up from the chair, ran up stairs into a bedroom, crawled under a bed, the lion got his head caught under the bed, and Peter locked the lion in there. Peter wanted to give up at this point, but Judy said that they must finish the game so it would go away. As the game went on, more and more wild animals were appearing in the house along with torrential rains and even a lost tour guide sitting on a dollhouse looking at his map. The animals were tearing apart the house and it was a big, old mess!!! Peter looked behind Judy and saw a snake creeping from the mantle going straight at her. It was now her turn to roll, Judy had to roll quickly to end the game and save her life. Judy rolls what she needs and screams, Jumanji!!!!. All of a sudden, the room fills up with and when it clears, the house is as clean as it was before their parents left. Soon Peter and Judy's parents came home and did not suspect a thing. The two children washed up for bed and then worked on finishing up a puzzle. Jumanji, the movie was on the big screen around December of 1995. This movie is a little different from Chris Van Ellsberg's Jumanji, but the basic story is still the same just with a little more background information of the game. Jumanji starts with two children burying a game deep into the earth, years later to be discovered by Alan Parrish, the young boy of an (seems to be) uncaring shoe factory owner. No sooner does Alan get home and get the game set up, his friend Sarah comes over to see Alan. The two of them sit down to play the game. No sooner does Alan roll, it's a 13 and he is sucked into the game. Sarah cannot explain what she has seen to anyone who b elieves her. The next scene is 26 years later and two children, Peter and Judy move into a huge old house. After settling in, the two children go up into the attic to explore, and this is where they find a board game named Jumanji. Peter sets the game up and Judy reads the directions aloud. The directions were almost word for word from the book. When Peter tosses the dice, the game pieces move along the board by themselves. Judy and Peter hear a noise from downstairs in one of the rooms. They go to look and see a lion walking around downstairs. Both scared, retreat back up into the attic. Judy says that they must finish

Evidence-Based Practice and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evidence-Based Practice and Management - Essay Example As the case study argues, because of errors in medication administration, high rates of falls and decrease in staff satisfaction, EBP has now become a crucial necessity in almost every hospital. One of the ways nursing leadership began to establish an evidence based culture was by establishing shared governance councils who were to kick start the process. A specific unit was identified, which was to actively come up with a project of implementing EBP so as to impact outcomes. Fortunately, an opportunity arose with a physician driven research project, which involved controlling pain in pediatric patients outside the ICU. The unit was charged with monitoring parameters and nurse staffing. The unit started its evidence-based practice so as to meet patients’ and pain team’s needs. The staff was composed of people from all sectors, educator for the unit, unit leadership, and evidence-based practice mentor. As the case study points out, there are various systems that can be e stablished so as to facilitate staff in the evidence-based practice. The first system is to integrate evidence as criteria within the organization’s strategic plan. The mission, vision and specific goals of the organization should incorporate evidence-based decision making at the point t of care. Nurse managers should come up with tools such as guidelines, protocols, policies and procedures, all based on evidence-based practice so as assist staff in realizing the benefits associated with it. Analysis of Articles Related to the Topic According to Wilkinson, Nutley, and Davies (2011), nurse managers face many challenges and barriers in implementing evidence-based practice. Past research has pointed out that nurse mangers should play a major role in ensuring than EBP is implemented in their institutions. However, as these authors argue, the specific role has not been defined. Therefore their research aimed at finding the specific role of nurse mangers in the EBP implementation p rocess. They used case study approach where they used interviews and observation as the main data collection methods. After analyzing the data, the authors found major differences between literature and their findings concerning roles of nurse managers in EBP implementation. According to their findings, nurse managers took a passive role in EBP implementation process. The authors concluded that the main reason as to why EBP have been ineffective in many institutions is due to problems such as undefined roles of the nurse manager in their implementation process. Therefore, they pointed out that identified problems with the implementation of EBP should first be solved in order to get the desired results from the practices. According to Sandstrom, Borglin, Nilsson, and Willman (2011), the implementation of EBP knowledge obtained from literature has proven to be a burdensome one. The cause of this as the authors argue is the narrow focus of literature on a few factors that have been reg arded important in EBP implementation process. One of the factors that have been pointed as being important in EBP implementation process is leadership. Therefore, their research was aimed at conducting a thorough literature review so as to determine the role of leadership in EBP implementation process. The research findings indicated that leadership was indeed a vital factor in EBP implementa

Who are the main actors and stakeholders in US-Mexican drug problem Essay

Who are the main actors and stakeholders in US-Mexican drug problem - Essay Example The toll of drug-war related deaths has reached 28,228 since January 2007, as based on data analysed by the University of San-Diego Trans-Border Institute taken from Agencia Reforma news group. It is a war fought with the help of 45,000 soldiers and 5,000 federal forces in 18 states where trafficking groups are trying to get access to the US market for selling drugs as there is total prohibition on the sale of drugs in the US. There has been recurrent flow of arms to the South while cartel-linked crime has been heading towards North (LAT 2010). One of the main stakeholders in the drug trafficking, the US, is not recognising the ill-effects of the war between the illicit stakeholders and the active players, namely the Mexican government, the US government and the press waging a collective war against the traffickers. In stead of rebuking Hillary Clinton on her remarks that violence in Mexico has grown to such proportions as total insurgency, the President Obama should pay urgent attention to the happenings by calling a meeting to discuss the repercussions of increasing violence with the members of his national security team and outside experts (Carpenter 2010). Other actors and stakeholders in the US-Mexican drug problem include the media reporters bravely involved in covering the activities of drug cartels. Drug mafia has waged a counter-war against reporters killing more than 30 journalists since 2006. Working conditions for reporters are not better than they are facing in countries like Iraq, Sudan and Afghanistan. Media has been forced there to play the role of a silent spectator by not prominently covering the activities of drug mafia. The intimidation of the media has crossed the limits to the extent that in one of the editorials El Diario, the main newspaper in Ciudad Juarez, the centre of violence in Mexico’s drug war, has sought advice from traffickers on what to publish and what not after the traffickers killed one of

An Aspect of the Discussed TED Sustainability Strategy Research Paper

An Aspect of the Discussed TED Sustainability Strategy - Research Paper Example One of the most illustrative and abundant sources of ideas in the historic legacy of textile and apparel area is ethnic and folk costumes (Jenkyn Jones, 2005, p.19). In this respect, use of design details typical for traditional outfits of different cultures and epochs might become the great experience for a designer, as it opens the endless range of embellishment techniques, patterns and materials. Particularly, most traditional costumes date back to the past centuries, when people were closer and friendlier to the environment, applying the gifts of nature in the least ecologically hazardous way and reflecting their culture, values and symbols in clothes. Probably, the most recent example of this strategy’s application is the collection Spring/Summer 2015 created by the designers of Valentino, where the motifs of East-Slavic peoples were turned into sheer art. The collection consisted of women’s clothing models with the strong folk element, namely, lavish use of tradit ional East-European embroidery and materials such as sheep wool and linen. The artist’s homeland was the territory of modern Belarus, and the models illustrate traditional Slavic motifs explicitly: contrastive embroidery – predominantly in red and black, natural linen textures and waistcoats of sheep pelt. Moreover, this fashion design specimen demonstrates eco-friendliness, as the clothes were created in natural colours with virtually no dying, and, as it is well known that dyes used for fabrics contain environmentally harmful chemicals.

I have to choose a topic pertaining to software security or security Research Paper

I have to choose a topic pertaining to software security or security when it comes to programming - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the majority of software development firms as well as individuals believes that implementing security related features of a software or software development entirely is a post development activity and it has nothing to do within the software development lifecycle. In this scenario, software companies and end-users have to face severe issues and threats because of unaddressed security and privacy based issues in their software development life cycles and ultimately in resulting products. Thus, these serious issues and challenges invite the researchers and technology experts to recognize or build more efficient and effective approaches for ensuring the secure software development process as well as secure software products. The basic purpose of this paper is to address some of the significant aspects associated with â€Å"secure software development†. This paper outlines some the important aspects and factors that can affect the software development process. T he scope of this paper also covers a discussion on the reasons that can cause various security based threats and issues within the software development process. ... In the past few years, software applications are more and more facing both internal and external threats. The result that could be derived from this statement is that the software applications are still being developed with development errors and issues that make them vulnerable to security threats. In fact, this as aspect has turned out to be more serious for the reason that majority of the business organizations, governments and individuals at the present heavily rely on these software applications in order to carry out their daily tasks. On the other hand, the condition turns out to be further critical when these software applications have to be used critical and serious operations such as atomic energy or medical systems. Seeing the importance of security of software applications or software development process, the majority of organizations throughout the world have started to pay more and more attention to improving the security of software applications. Given that customers (s uch as organizations) have practiced unsuccessful security breaches, therefore it has increased disturbance and awareness regarding software development (Devanbu & Stubblebine, 2000; Kumar, 2009; Davis, Humphrey, Redwine, & Zibulski, 2004). The research has shown that in order to develop secure software applications, software development firms should perform various activities such as they should study and adopt secure software development approaches as well as follow them all the way through the software development lifecycle. In their paper (Devanbu and Stubblebine) discuss a variety of security concerns and guidelines in order to improve the software development process. According to their viewpoint, software development firms should make sure that they consider security

Organizational Structure Of Virtusa Commerce Essay

Organizational Structure Of Virtusa Commerce Essay The purpose of the report is to identify the practices within organizations in Sri Lanka. The report consisted of tasks that required the need to visit both a public and hence Virtusa and Softlogic were chosen. First the main organizational structures and cultures prevailing in an organization are mentioned with relation to the organizations chosen, and the influences of the organizational structure and culture on the business performance are investigated. Thereafter the management approaches practiced in the companies are investigated and thereafter the personality characteristics of employees which should be understood by managers are identified too. Thereafter three motivational theories were taken into consideration with regard to the two organizations. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Virtusa Virtusa was established in September 1985 under the Chairmanship of Deshamanya H.K.Dharmadasa with the objective of establishing it as a center of excellence in high technology diagnostic and curative facilities. Healing of the sick being the primary objective, Healing with Feeling became this Hospital of tomorrow. Located at Union Place, Colombo 02 in very close proximity to the business centre and within easy reach from the General Hospital and other many commercial establishments. 1.2 Softlogic Established in 1902, Perera and Sons Bakers, is the biggest bakery in Sri Lanka, producing over 75,000 bakery products including nearly 150 birthday cakes per day and attracting over 15,000-20,000 customers daily. Run by the fourth generation today, the business consists of 58 outlets and three bakeries. 1.3 Organizational structure of Virtusa The strategic level managers have used process of grouping activities which are similar in nature. Departmentalization has used here by function structure. This organization structure is more efficient. Through this employees get more experienced and well committed to their duties. As for an example under finance director there are purchasing and accounting managers. They are mastered in each sector and no need to find out about other operations. So the specific duties have been given. This is an advantage for them as they can concentrate on their own department and can offer a better efficient service. Each and every manager is responsible for their own duty. Therefore accountability has developed. Each department concentrates on their own work and that can be a disadvantage for the customers who expect a quality service. Competition among the departments can lead into conflicts as all the departments concentrate on winning the war than attending to overall business objectives. Directors should maintain the flexibility among employees who work in different departments to make the effective use of this structure. Advantages of the structure: There can be seen a decentralized structure. It enables decisions to be made closer to the operational level of work. Accountability and responsiveness is higher. Always make higher performances. More keeping with developments and more flexible structures. Effective motivation and encouragement can be done. Time is managed efficiently various duties and responsibilities have distributed. Disagreements are less because decision making is done with other partys involvement. It provides opportunity for training and development in management. Disadvantages of the structure, Functions can be isolated due to some failures of communication and technological issues. This is not stable for urgent situations. There can be occur competitions among each department than concentrating the overall achievement of the organization. 1.3 Chain of command in Virtusa Chain of command can be described as the way of authority and responsibility pass from the hierarchy. Authority is who have power to make decisions and who have authority to supervise subordinates. In Virtusa mainly strategic level managers such as general manager and board of directors have authority to make decisions and they are passed to the each level through the hierarchy. Responsibility is the obligation to carry forward an assigned task to a successful conclusion. In this case authorized person can delegate his duties to his assistance but to delegate his responsibility is not permitted. 1.4 Span of control in Virtusa Span of control is the number of people who report to one manager in a hierarchy. In Virtusa there can see a narrow span of control. There have four layers and five levels. Few employees can be seen under each manager. It allows them to communicate quickly with employees under them and controlling is easier. Also close supervision can be done and feed back can be getting effectively. It will reduce grievances and conflicts among employees. Also can be reduced getting complex of work. Productivity will get increased and resources can be utilized effectively as well. 1.5 Organizational Culture of Virtusa Culture is a collective programming of the mind which distinguished the members on human group from another. When it comes to an organizational culture it is a pattern of beliefs and expectations shared by the organizations members. These beliefs and expectations produce norms that powerfully shape the behaviors of individuals and groups. Virtusa works according to role culture. Top level managers decide the bulk of duties should be done by employees and they are distributed among employees. Employees are assigned for a particular role. They are specialized in each job. So the commitment and dedication can be increased due to this. So to make maximum use of it managers should their skills. The management can make them work better and hard to improve the companys performance effectively. 1.6 The Organizational Structure of Virtusa The structure of Virtusa is created with some levels based on functional department wise. This hierarchy has four layers managed by four main chief managers. In this structure the importance of role determines the position in hierarchy. It can be seen wide span of control. One manager controls large number of subordinates compared with Virtusa. Therefore managers communicate with employees quickly but it is not easy to guide and to control them. More effective feed back can be received from workers. Also it is essential to have management skills to control greater number of employees simultaneously. Grievances and conflicts will be either less or more. They depend on the situation. Close supervision is not easy to be done so productivity can be change. The process of this culture is according to their values which are integrity, care, passion, teamwork and service. Probably centralized management can be seen here. Communication between employees may less in this structure as the work is specialized. This can be an advantage to the organization as the man power and time is being saved. There can see disadvantages as well as advantages. The role of each individual is well determined but the chain of command is one way, top level to lower level. Advantages of the structure: Costs less and company does not need to employ as many managers. Easy to communicate and coordinate. Decisions are taken by top level managers and they are effective and fast. Conflicts and mistakes are less. Greater of specialization. New technology and new methods can be trained easily without higher costs. Managers can meet and pass massages easily to employees. Disadvantages of the structure, Difficult to control without proper management techniques. There is no opportunity to low level employees for their ideas. Less access to new ideas. Sometimes it can be costly. Difficult to have close supervisions. Hardly get opportunity to discuss complexities with managers for low level employees. 1.7 Chain of command in Softlogic Chain of command is the way of passing decisions from strategic level to operational level as mentioned before. Similarly the long term strategic decisions are taken by top level managers such as CEO and other officers like chief managing officer, chief people officer, chief financial officer and chief operational officer. So the officers have authority to take decisions of each sector under them. When it come to responsibilities there have around four mangers under one chief officer. So duties can be delegated easily. But each manager has different schedules and work to be done. So they are not responsible for others duties. This means they are specialized in each sector. So responsibility can not be delegated. 1.8 Span of control in Softlogic In Softlogic there can see wide span of control, which means that one authorized manager have large subordinates to control. But this is larger than Virtusa. In the hierarchy layers are lesser compared to number of levels. As for an example one chief officer is responsible to control four managers. So he should have mastered in more than one section. So mistakes can be happened easily. It is easy to pass messages though it is a flat structure. Also it costs less money to run a wider span of control because the company does not need to employ as many managers. But there are disadvantages as well from this horizontal management structure. 1.9 Organizational Culture of Softlogic Culture is the specific collection of values and norms that are share by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. Role culture and task culture are common in Softlogic. Specific duties have given to each and every employee who comes from various backgrounds. All are driven towards a common goal. Softlogic is more concerned on team work rather than individual performances. They believe that satisfied employees excel in quality customer service. Softlogic also maintain commitment to stakeholders, and the environment. Softlogics corporate culture is to do the right thing for their employees, the community and the customers they serve. 2.0 The influence of the organizational structure and culture towards the organizations performance. 2.1 The relationship between the organizations structure, culture and the effects on business performance in Virtusa. Role culture is common in most organizations today. The decisions are taken by top level managers are implemented by tactical level and operational level employees. So each member has specific goal. It leads to success of the organization. Also this has a flexible environment. It helps the employees to understand organizational events and buildup strong relationship among employees. The staff of Virtusa benefits from specialization. Also training programs are conducted to improve the personality skills and the attitudes of employees. The structure and the culture of this organization teach about organizational activities. They involve with specific work rather than spending time to find out the expected job to be done by them because they are well educated and with developed skills. This reduces wastage of time and man power as well. This can help to improve company performances. Here has departmentalized according to function structure. Human resources, sales and marketing and Finance are some of main departments in Virtusa. The employees in each section can get more experience and it leads to improve the company performances and they provide best customer service too. 2.2 The relationship between the organizations structure, culture and the effects on business performance in Softlogic Softlogic operates according to corporate culture. Decisions are taken by top level managers and other employees are never involved with it. Probably decisions in Softlogic are long term and they are stable. So subordinates never get a chance make decisions when top level managers are absent. In Softlogic the range of decisions are basically to maintain standards and to offer a best customer service The employees have built strong relationships among them and they can work friendly and helpfully when they work together. By working friendly they get motivated and try to do their best. There should have a good customer service as well as providing quality food items. So this can be an advantage to customers as well because the customers are always looking for best service. Employees work in Softlogic have work shops to develop personality skills as well as to improve staff relationships. The structure of Softlogic is more effective for their success. Few levels can be seen and it helps to improve its company performances by doing more work under guidance of each manager. Communication is easy and not costly. So the culture and structure of the organization affect the performance of Softlogic and all the employees are likely to make it effective. 3.0 The different management approaches in Virtusa and Softlogic 3.1 How Management theories are applied in Virtusa. Classical approach to management Division of Labour Division of labour is one of the key features, mainly applied in the Virtusa. They have separated the service procedure into various elements, with each part allocated to a particular employee or set of employees. It is based on the thought that employees can reach a high degree of effectiveness if they are classified to one particular service Centralization There is one central position in the hospital that manages the control over all the divisions. Centralization had made easy consultation and communication among subdivisions, mostly those at the centre; as these days with technology, electronic and computer control, centralization has its desirability. This approach is mainly practiced in the department of IT and administration. Chain of command That is, the chain of superiors ranging from the top to the lowest. Unluckily, this has become a lengthy process in large organizations, such as this Virtusa and therefore problems can arise. This chain of command approach is applied in almost all the departments of the hospital. Remuneration Payment is a significant motivator though by analyzing a number of possibilities. In this hospital all the employees are fairly paid in accordance with their contribution. This approach is applied in the human resources department basically. Discipline. Employees must obey their superiors, but this is two-sided: employees will only obey orders if management plays their part by providing good management. 3.1.1 Behavioral approach to management Human relations approach As in every organization human relations approach is basically applied in the human resources department in the Virtusa. This is an attempt to make managers more responsive to their employees requirements. There is a better understand of human behavior at work, such as motivation, expectations, and enhanced productivity. Systems approach to management The systems approach to administration is a thought which views a company as an interconnected purposive system that consists of numerous business sections. It is a management approach which enables the  managers  to serve the company as an incorporated part or a major section of the larger outside commercial environment. Contingency approach to management Since, the contingency approach to management is based on the thought that there is no one finest way to administer and that to be effective, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling must be customized to the particular conditions faced by an organization, Virtusa is also practicing the same thing. As organizations, people, and conditions differ and change over time. Virtusa has identified environmental change and improbability, work technology, and the size of a company as environmental factors impacting the efficiency of it. 3.2 How Management theories applied in Softlogic 3.2.1 Classical approach to management Division of Labour At Softlogic., Specialization allocates the person to build up experience, and to constantly improve his skills. Thereby he can be more dynamic. The maximum development in the productive powers of employment, and the greater part of the skill, handiness, and judgment with which it is anywhere aimed at, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour. Remuneration This company believes that payment for work done should be fair to both employees and employers and employees must be paid adequately as this is a key motivation of employees and consequently greatly influences output. Equity They also believe that workers must be treated kindly, and fairness must be enacted to make sure a just workplace. Managers should be fair and independent when dealing with employees. Encourages staff to be trustworthy and to be dedicated workers. 3.2.2 Behavioral approach to management Human relations approach This company uses Human Resource Management theories focus on techniques of recruitment and selection and highlight the advantages of interviews, general assessment and psychometric testing as employee selection procedure. 3.2.3 Systems approach to management The systems approach is not practiced in this company. 3.2.4 Contingency approach to management Company is concerned about the changes in the trends and they are producing new kinds of food items in order to stay firm in the competition. According to the contingency perspective, constant environments suggest mechanistic structures that highlight centralization, formalization, standardization, and specialization to achieve efficiency and consistency. 4.0 different motivational theories and how they could be exercised to motivate employees/individuals in an organization to achieve organizational goals. Motivating each of the individuals requires recognition on your part that each employees motivation needs are different, and motivating the team requires a different approach from motivating the team members. It is unlikely that you will ever manage a team where everyone is adequately trained. It is even more unlikely that any leader has a team that never needs coaching. You need to be able to identify the training needs of your team members and be able to get that training for them. Motivation theories are mainly of two types: Content (need) theory Process theory 4.1 Content (need) Theory: This theory mainly focuses on the internal factors that direct and enhance human behaviour. The following are some of the major content theories: Maslows hierarchy of needs Aldermens ERG theory Hertzbergs motivator-hygiene theory (two factor theory) 4.1.1 Maslows Hierarchy of human needs Of the different types of content theories, the most famous content theory is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of human needs. Maslow introduced five levels of basic needs through his theory. The Hierarchy of Needs is as follows: 1. Physiological Needs: basic issues of survival such as salary and stable employment 2. Security Needs: stable physical and emotional environment issues such as benefits, pension, safe work environment, and fair work practices 3. Belongingness Needs: social acceptance issues such as friendship or cooperation on the job 4. Esteem Needs: positive self-image and respect and recognition issues such as job titles, nice work spaces, and prestigious job assignments. 5. Self-Actualization Needs: achievement issues such as workplace autonomy, challenging work, and subject matter expert status on the job Just like Maslows hierarchy of needs, through dual factors theory, Hertzberg describes certain factors in the workplace which result in job satisfaction. 4.1.2 Hertzbergs two factor theory: According to Hertzberg, he basically identified two separate groups of factors that had a strong impact on motivation. His first groups of factors were the hygiene factors which consisted of factors such as working conditions, quality of supervision, salary, status, company policies and administration.  Having said that, the   second group of factors   identified were known as the motivating factors which consisted of factors such recognition, achievement, responsibility, interesting job and advancement to higher level tasks as and growth etc. 4.1.3 Process Theory: Process theory of motivation is a cognitive rational process and concentrates on psychological and behavioral processes. This basically motivates individuals and focuses on how workers needs influence their own behavior. Main process theories include Vroom Expectancy theory Adams Equity theory Needs Goal Setting theory Vroom Expectancy theory efforts linked not just to the desire for a particular outcome, but moderated by an evaluation of the likelihood of success. Here motivation strength is determined by the supposed value of the result of performing a behavior and the supposed probability that the behavior performed will lead the result to materialize. The conclusions that can be strained from this theory are, Individuals will only act when they have a reasonable expectation that their behavior will lead to the desired outcome. Effort alone is not sufficient. It has to be accompanied by ability and skill. Job satisfaction results from effective job performance rather than the other way round. Job design is therefore of crucial importance.   4.2 The effective implementation of the above theories and to motivate employees in order to achieve the organizational goal in both Virtusa and Softlogic: In order to achieve this objective and to keep the employees motivated the first two levels of Maslows hierarchy can be used as follows Physiological needs: The basic pay of the employees can be increased or in addition to the basic pay an over time rate can be paid. The facilities such as a balanced meal can be provided during the time they are on over time as to encourage them. This shows the organization is concerned about the employees and will lead to motivation. Safety needs: While they are at work, they can be provided with necessary instruments and equipment to keep them safe such as face masks, gloves and etc. en the number of accidents during working hours will be reduced. Rather than providing safety only to workers, their families can also be looked after by providing medical schemes, life insurance as well as health and safety insurance. Along with Maslows hierarchy of needs, Herzbergs two factor theory can also be applied to motivate the employees. Hygiene factors: Increment in salary would be a factor which motivates the employees. As discussed above, over time payments, salary increments and pension schemes can be provided to the employees of this company. Motivating factors: The employees can be paid much more attention and can be given more recognition. In order to give them more recognition and to make them feel as part of the organization, the company can can allocate a certain part of the profit to its employees. Once they have achieved a given target they can be appreciated. The workers should be given targets which they are capable of achieving and leaders can be appointed among the employee groups to make them responsible for related jobs As mentioned above process theory can be applied in order to motivate the employees in this company. Mainly goal setting theory and expectancy theory can be used to overcome these crises. The employees in the organization should be able to achieve the given goal within the given time period. Therefore it is essential for task to of easy achievability and also to the team members should be with positive attitudes and focused on the organizational goals rather than individual interests. As for an example the workers should be given goals which they can achieve. According to the scenario demand for grains has been increasing and fertilizes and grains are complements. Therefore the supply of fertilizes also need to be increased. In order to increase the supply of fertilizes, the workers should be motivated and their productivity should be increased. It is discussed in the expectancy theory that employees should have the ability and skills to do the specific tasks. Therefore effort alone is not enough. They should be satisfied in order to gain maximum contribution from them. This is one of a crucial event which can be seen in any organization. 5.0 The relationship between leadership and motivation, and how the management practices are influenced by these two factors: 5.1 Different Leadership styles in management Many people consider that leadership is just being the first, largest or most powerful. Leadership in organizations has a special and more meaningful explanation. Very basically put, a leader is interpreted as somebody who sets direction in an attempt and influences people to pursue that direction the people can be oneself, another individual, a group, an organization or a society. How they set that direction and influence people depends on a variety of factors that well consider later on below. There are also plentiful theories about leadership, or about carrying out the responsibility of leader of an organization. Such leadership styles used by this company and their advantages are as listed below. 5.2 Leadership styles practiced in the organizations Autocratic Leadership The autocratic  leadership style  is considered as an aged fashioned method with the following distinctiveness: Manager tries having the most power and control in decision making. Manager tries making as many decisions as possible. Managers are less worried with spending their own leadership improvement, and desire to basically work on the mission at hand.   Manager tries retaining accountability rather than utilize complete allocation. The autocratic leadership is still used by many leaders across the world in many companies. The cause autocratic leadership carries on, even if it is old-fashioned, is for the reason that it is spontaneous, carries instant advantages, and comes natural to many leaders. Many leaders who begin pursuing leadership improvement are often trying to develop upon their organizations autocratic leadership style. The benefits of the Autocratic Leadership Style and their impact on employee and company performance In spite of having many opponents, the autocratic leadership styles recommend many advantages to managers who use them. These comprise: Decreased pressure due to increased control.  Where the manager finally has important legal and personal accountability for a project, it will relieve them and reduce their pressure levels to know that they have control over their providence. A more productive dynamic group whilst the leader is watching.  The delay that an autocratic manager maintains over a team improves their working velocity and makes them less likely to relax. This is perfect for inadequately motivated workers who have little concern or attention in the excellence or speed of work performed. Improved logistics of operations.  Having one leader with serious participation in many areas makes it more likely that tribulations are spotted in advance and deadlines met. This makes autocratic leadership perfect for one-off projects with fixed deadlines, or complex work environments where well-organized cooperation is the key to accomplishment. When is the Autocratic Leadership Style effectual? Following on from the qualities listed above, the autocratic leadership style is useful in the following work circumstances: Work environments where spans of control are broad and complex so therefore the manager has little time to allot to each employee.   Business where workers need to perform low-skilled, droning and recurring tasks and normally have low levels of motivation. Projects where the work executes wishes to be accomplished to exact specifications and with a tight deadline. Democratic Leadership Democratic Leadership is the leadership style that encourages the distribution of accountability, the exercise of allocation and frequent discussion. The style has the following distinctiveness: Manager makes discussion on all major issues and conclusions. Manager efficiently hands over tasks to employees and give them full control and accountability for those tasks.   Manager welcomes comment on the outcome of initiatives and the work environment.   Manager supports others to become leaders and be occupied in leadership improvement. The benefits of the Democratic Leadership Style and their impact on employee and company performance. Positive work environment.  An ethnicity where subordinate workers are given fair amount of accountability and are permitted to challenge themselves is one where workers are more encouraged to work and enjoy what they do. Creative thinking.  The free flow of ideas and optimistic work atmosphere is the ideal catalyst for creative thinking. The advantages of this arent just appropriate for creative industries, because creative thinking is necessary to solve tribulations in every single organization, whatever its nature.   Reduction of friction and office politics. By allowing subordinates to use their ideas and even more outstandingly increase credit for them, you are carefully reducing the amount of nervousness workers generate with their manager. When autocratic leaders reject to listen to their employees, or deliberately pay no attention to their ideas, they are efficiently asking for people to talk behind their back and effort to undermine or succeed them. Reduced employee turnover.   When workers feel authorized through leadership improvement, a company will observe lower rates of employee turnover which has many benefits. A company that spends in leadership improvement for its workers is investing in their future, and this is valued by a large majority of the workforce. When is the Autocratic Leadership Style effectual?   Democratic leadership is practical to a level in the industrialized industry, to allocate workers to give their ideas on how processes  can  become leaner and more inventive. While Fordism is still functional in some factories across the country, truth is that production managers are now actually starting to tie together the motivational bonuses associated with not treating workers like robots anymore. Democratic leadership is successful in professional organizations where the importance is obviously on training, professional leadership improvement and quality of work performed. Democratic events are basically just one cog in the successful leadership mechanisms firms. Nonprofit organizations also terrifically