Gold Rush And War :: essays research papers

A dash for unheard of wealth prompts war The American Civil War (1861-1865) and the Reconstruction time frame that followed were the bloodiest sections of American history to date. Sibling battled sibling as the populace was part along sectional lines. The issue of subjugation separated the country's kin and the ideological groups that spoke to them in Washington. The strain which snapped the uncomfortable ceasefire among north and south started working over bondage and statehood banters in California. In 1848, pilgrims found gold at Sutter's Mill, beginning a mass relocation. By 1849, California had enough residents to apply for statehood. Notwithstanding, the discussion about whether the huge western state would or would not permit servitude deferred its induction. Representatives from the south took steps to withdraw if California was conceded as a free state. In the mean time, emotions likewise flared in New Mexico and Texas over fringe debates, and abolitionists battled star subjection advocates over the issue of slave exchanging inside the District of Columbia. Southern political pioneers, for the most part Democrats, proposed a show in Nashville to talk about withdrawal. In 1850, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850 to Congress. The Compromise contained the accompanying arrangements: California would enter the association as free state. New Mexico region would be separated into New Mexico and Utah, and offered well known sway. Texas must yield a contested area to New Mexico as a byproduct of government suspicion of its state obligation. Exchanging, yet not ownership, of slaves would be prohibited from the District of Columbia. Criminal slave laws would be improved. Zachary Taylor, who was president at that point, was set up to veto the bills, yet kicked the bucket abruptly. His replacement, Millard Fillmore, permitted the arrangements to breathe easy with the assistance of Stephen Douglas. The Nashville Convention met soon a while later and impugned the arrangement, however made no conclu sive move. This uncomfortable détente would keep going for just four years. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act makes further trade off for all intents and purposes unthinkable. It allowed famous power to the two states, in the expectations that they would part on the subjugation issue and proceed with the unstable correspondence among slave and free states. Nebraska immediately received a free-soil constitution and was conceded as a free state. Kansas, in any case, was gravely part along sectional lines, and restricting political powers approved both a free and a slave constitution in 1855. Uproars broke out all over, and "Bleeding Kansas" fell into mayhem. John Brown, a notorious and defiant abolitionist, executed five genius subjection activists in 1856 in counter for the homicide of five abolitionists.

Essay on Book Critique

Article on Book Critique Article on Book Critique Jocelin Camacho December 4, 2014 Mexican American Studies 141-07 Book Critique William S. Maltby book 2009, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire†, is about how Spain accomplished to be one of the most remarkable realms and wound up falling soon after one century of being extremely ground-breaking. A country rose from the cinders of Europe, they builded a domain not at all like anything humankind had ever seen previously and it would remain the biggest realm. Spain reformed the world more than any cutting edge country ever. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth century Spain was one of the most remarkable nations on the planet. In the fifteenth century Spain had been controlled by two Christian realms and it was Castile and Aragon. In 1469 King of Aragon Ferdinand wedded Isabella Queen of Castile and through this marriage started the way toward binding together Spain into a solitary realm. Later a brought together government was built up and authority was packed in the hands of the government. Isabella supported Christopher Columbus t o investigate abroad and attempt to locate any great that will help with exchange. Lord Philip sent a fleet to attack England and while attacking the England won the fight. An excess of spending and pointless wars of Spanish lords depleted the national treasury. Spain declining during the wars, and afterward in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Spain rivals were getting all the more impressive. During the nineteenth century Spain lost the vast majority of its reality nations and had to perceive the freedom of its New World Colonies. There was no such nation as Spain, much the same as some other domain it started from the base and will wind up rising right to the top. However inside a century Spain turned into the most impressive country in Europe. Spain experienced financial, social, and political age during the sixteenth century, however because of awful arranging and choices Spain later declined as a realm. The Spanish realm experienced a great deal of wars during the time the y were extremely amazing. Beginning from a little realm, Spain bit by bit figured out how to extend their domain and control more urban areas so it tends to be under their domain. â€Å"War, instead of the advancement of social or financial government assistance, was the essential business of the early present day state. During a significant part of the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years it expended multiple times more income than every single other capacity of Spanish government and was without anyone else answerable for the crown’s gigantic debt† (85). Much the same as some other domain being in the condition of war will come its good and bad times. Being in wars continually then that will have a defeat for any domain. It takes a great deal of cash to for a country to demonstrate so much weapon and particularly if a country is continually on war. It isn't just about simply battling another nation or city, yet just as keeping up the military prepared. War mak es a great deal of cash a country and on the off chance that the country doesn’t have the assets, at that point they should acquire cash from some place. Domains and countries want to continue developing their capacity and overcoming each city. By doing that domains and countries begin getting paying off debtors. I accept there is a distinction between shielding your realm and attempting to overcome different urban areas just to feel all the more remarkable. Domain don’t need to feel that they should be the most remarkable country than different ones. There is no advantage of different nations being terrified of the most remarkable. Domains feel the need of demonstrating the remainder of the world how ground-breaking they can be. Spain utilized religion as a social procedure. One of the motivation behind why the

How to Succeed in College

How to Succeed in College 4 Tips on How to Succeed in College Home›Education Posts›4 Tips on How to Succeed in College Education PostsCollege is a place that can bring you a pleasant experience if you will be successful there. Being successful means different things for students. For some students, success is a process of acquiring knowledge, for others, it means gaining a degree which, in turn, involves a good job offer. And also there are students for whom success is becoming a social active person. To succeed in college, it is essential to attend classes, perform homework, manage time, and get involved in social activities. Although different students have different points of view, to be a successful student means gaining knowledge, earning a degree as well as having active social life. Thus, to achieve success, a student has to balance all these things.The Factors of College SuccessMany factors affect the success of students in higher education institutions (material situation, health status, age, ma rital status, the level of school preparation, possession of the skills of self-organization). Planning and control of their activities play a great role here (especially training). Motives for choosing a university, the adequacy of the initial ideas about the specifics of university education, a form of study (full-time, evening, correspondence, distance, etc.), the availability of tuition fees, and its value are of the first magnitude as well. Organization of the educational process at the university, the material base of the university, the level of qualifications of teachers and service personnel, the prestige of the university, and, finally, the individual psychological characteristics of students are the main aspects of success.Many young people often have a question “How to be successful in college?” Why do some students work hard to acquire knowledge and professional skills, and the difficulties that arise only add energy and desire to achieve their goals, while others d o it without enthusiasm, and the appearance of any significant obstacles sharply reduces their activity up to the destruction of educational activity?Such differences can be observed with the same external conditions of educational activity (socioeconomic situation, organization and methodological support of the educational process, teacher qualifications, etc.). In explaining this phenomenon, psychologists and teachers most often appeal to such individual psychological characteristics of students as the level of intelligence (the ability to assimilate knowledge, skills, and successfully apply them to solve problems) and creativity (ability to develop new knowledge yourself). Learning motivation provides strong positive experiences in achieving learning goals; as well as high self-esteem, leading to the formation of a high level of claims, etc. in conditions of fairly frequent or prolonged failures, which are inevitable in any complex activity. The important thing here is self-contr ol, which can make any young person a successful student.How to Be Successful in CollegeIf you are just going to become a student, pay special attention to the choice of the university or college and your future specialty. There is also a direct connection between the focus on knowledge acquisition and learning success. Students, who are aimed at obtaining knowledge, are characterized by a high regularity of learning activities, dedication, strong will, etc. Those, who are more focused on the profession, often show selectivity, dividing the discipline into necessary and not needed, which often affects academic performance. And those students, who study for the sake of having a diploma, often play hooky and implement various methods of cheating, which also significantly affects their academic results. In the second place of the list is the factor of organizing the educational process at the university and the qualifications of teachers. It is difficult to find good teachers in non-pr estigious universities. This is especially true of complex technical specialties. You should pay attention to this aspect when choosing your specialty and college. In addition, you must make remarkable effort to work independently and study the material.Perform all Your Tasks on TimeYes, it is clear that students are overloaded with a huge amount of different assignments. The educational process requires a lot of effort and time. You should be aware that it will not be easy to cope with all tasks but you should always perform them on time. You think that it is impossible, don’t worry about this as now you can always ask for help â€" qualitycustomessays.com  will prevent you from full failure.Attend all the Classes DailyIt is easy to say “attend all classes”. Many students experience such moments when they want to skip classes, but you should remember that regular attendance is your first key to success. If you miss class, you can omit some important information and your profes sor may not remember you. You should note that it is highly important to be in good relations with your professor, therefore, if you will daily attend your classes, your professor will see your desire to learn and gain knowledge.Respect Your ProfessorsStudent success is also determined by the attitude of teachers. Do not enrage them. Do not be late. Coming to the lesson after the teacher, you show him or her your disrespect. Moreover, you can miss some useful information and news, which are usually voiced before the start of the class. Your punctuality, on the contrary, will leave a positive impression on the professor. Ask questions on the topic, so he or she will think that you really want to know more about the subject.Learn With a FriendChoose a pal for yourself, a classmate to whom you will help with studies, who will be pleased with your help. After all, in order to explain the material to someone, you need to learn it yourself very well.Manage Your TimeIf you want to succeed in college, you should learn how to manage your time. You have to balance your education with social activities, normal sleep, and healthy diet.Plan your activities, highlight the most important ones, and set priorities. Formulate your goals and draw up a plan of actions necessary to achieve them, track its implementation, and evaluate the result. The ability to manage your time properly will ensure not only your academic success but also your future professional achievements. Do not forget to relax. The best rest is another activity.Be CreativeCreativity, like intelligence, is one of the general abilities, but if intelligence is the ability to assimilate the knowledge and skills that already exist in society, as well as successfully apply them to solve problems, then creativity ensures the creation of something new by a person (primarily new for oneself, often being new for others too). Although discussions are still not abating, most psychologists tend to view creativity as an ent ity relatively independent of intelligence, as measured by fundamentally different test items than in intelligence tests. In tests of creativity, open-type tasks are used, in contrast to closed-type intellectual tasks, in which there are only one or several well-known correct solutions known in advance. At the same time, the fluency of thinking is estimated (the number of generated solution variants), the flexibility of thinking (the variety of solution categories used), originality (recorded at the frequency of occurrence of this solution is less than in one percent of cases). The results obtained corresponded to literary data on significant differences in the indicators of intelligence and creativity in different people (high level of both, high level of creativity and low level of intelligence, low level of creativity and high level of intelligence, low level of both). Therefore, it can be concluded that even a student who does not possess good knowledge and erudition can become successful due to his or her creative approach to learning.Be ConfidentThe absolute majority of psychologists consider high self-esteem and the associated self-reliance and high level of aspirations to be important positive factors for successful student learning. A learner who is unsure of his or her abilities often simply does not tackle difficult tasks. However, in order for high self-esteem to be adequate and encourage further progress, the student should be praised first not for an objectively good result but for the degree of effort. Praise for easy success often leads to the formation of self-confidence, the fear of failure and the avoidance of difficulties, the habit of taking on only easily solvable tasks. The emphasis on the value of effort, rather than a specific result, leads to the formation of an attitude toward mastery of a skill. Now you know how to be successful in college.Be InvolvedBeing involved in sports, campus life and different social activities will definite ly bring you success. You will find friends and become self-dependent and strong personality. You should also note that social components are really important for emotional and even intellectual growth of an individual.Sticking to these tips will help you to have successful college life and further succeed in your business career.

Modifying the Story Summer Solstice Through the Screenplay...

Modifying the Story Summer Solstice through the Screenplay Entitled â€Å"Tatarin† A Partial Thesis Presented To Mrs. Evelyn S. Agato In Partial Fulfillment of the Subject RD 100 - Research Design Leader Divine Angeline Leaà ±o Members Erinn Chua Jan Erik Miras Jamie Robertson San Juan Clarissa Tan Cherryl Tolentino October 2011 Department of Media Studies College of Arts and Sciences Trinity University of Asia Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to come up with a clear justification on the reasons why screenwriters and filmmakers would modify books. It should be understood that the book and the film are two different subject matters. But the film would not exist without the help of the elements from the†¦show more content†¦The methodologies used in the study were selected to try and come up with the best possible analysis the respondents can provide as to how they understood the works of both Nick Joaquin and Ricky Lee. TITLE OF THE PROBLEM What is the perception of the selected second year college students of TUA on the modifications made by Ricky Lee in Nick Joaquin’s Summer Solstice to his screenplay Tatarin? GENERAL OBJECTIVE To probe on the perception/empathy of selected second year college students of TUA on the modifications made by Ricky Lee in Nick Joaquin’s Summer Solstice to his screenplay Tatarin. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES * To know the reasons why certain parts of the story need to be altered/deleted for the movie. * To know how screenwriters modify the story. * To find out if the modifications improved the film. * SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research study will encompass a much comprehensive understanding as to how these certain modifications of the base/original narration of story would wholly influence/affect the message of the visual presentation. The group/niche that would principally benefit in this research study would be the following: veteran/would-be film makers, scrupulous/out-of-the-box scriptwriters, explorative/apprentice-leveled Communications students, and passionate instructors. We have chosen these groups of people since these

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics

Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics You might have to do plenty of creative writing in middle school. If you still find it tough to work on your expository essay, speak to our on-line writing team made from professional writers with at least 10 decades of experience to acquire your own personal academic lifebuoy! Explain why you're interested in a specific career. If you own a job, speak about your experience. The absolute most difficult and important feature of essay writing is choosing the ideal topic'. An introduction ought to be a quick background story about the topic which is to be discussed. There are a few particular topics that are thought to be the best ones to pen down the exposition. While the above mentioned examples are a few of the most popular essay types, you may use the formula below to develop a few on your own. Try to remember that expository essays are intended to explain something as opposed to give personal opinions on a specific subject or event. There are lots of expository essay topics to pick from. Ideally, expository essays attempt to pass details about a specific facet, all the ideas about the stated aspect have to get tied together. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a range of topics and methods to bring up the idea. The Lost Secret of What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics The part which follows in the paragraph is regarding the analysis of the info presented. To begin with, a brief explanation of the game ought to be written. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and create all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. If you're writing an essay for the overall public, there is a rather huge likelihood that lots of readers will skip your article. What Are Some Good Expository Essay Topics - What Is It? Without an essay outline, it would be tough to recall the essential sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. To begin with, you should secure the significance of the expository essay definition and select the topic you understand well or at least find it interesting to find out more about. Choose the one that you liek to compose an ideal expository essay! Make certain each and every sentence of your essay is joined to the thesis. An expository essay's aim is to define and explain a subject chosen by means of an author. The duration of your essay may vary, according to context. You are unable to begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. The exact first step in writing an interesting expository essay is to opt for a terrific topic. You will observe how a suitable thesis statement appears like and the way the author uses transitions between the several paragraphs. There isn't anything like an excellent expository essay example! Once you were assigned to compose an expository essay, the very first thing you have to do is to pick a topic. There aren't many things to say regarding the expository essay. In an expository essay, you're attempting to spell out how something works or why you think that it's an excellent idea. When you are in possession of a well-formulated topic, it's a half success of your final writing. An essay is only a string of thoughts which were put in order to earn a coherent idea. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Thus, if you believe that you're incapable of writing an amazing paper, then the most suitable choice is going to be to ask professionals to do. To make your part of writing looks perfectly fine, be sure that you proofread and re-write it until it appears presentable enough. So, here are a number of parts of advice to earn the procedure for composing a great expository essay simpler. Writing an outline is particularly helpful once you are just about to write an extensive academic paper. Therefore, the expository essay is an academic paper that's supposed to explain something, to convey a specific message. When writing an expository essay, the outline functions as a guide to the different parts of the essay.

Injustice and Justice Free Essays

Injustice anywhere is a threat to Justice everywhere In the name of ALLAH the most gracious the most merciful, the Omnipresent and Omnipotent. Mr. President sir, honourable chief guest, worthy opponents and future scholars. We will write a custom essay sample on Injustice and Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"O believers! Be firm in justice as witnesses for God, even in cases against yourselves, your parents or your kin† â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. † These powerful words were said by one of American best known advocate of equal rights – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. According to him, all humans are caught in a patent network of sympathy. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Hence injustice with one individual of a society can affect the life of other individuals of the society. Dear audience lets first talk about what justice really is. Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or social norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Justice is distinguished from other ethical standards as required. Justice is linked conceptually, to the idea of justification: having and giving decisive reasons for one’s beliefs and actions. So, attempts to understand justice are typically attempts to discover the justification – the source or basis – of justice, and therefore to account for (or disprove) its vast importance. Justice is the foundation on which the edifice of the society stands. Justice,Pakistan. Justice is perhaps the most important of the supreme values of Islam. In fact, it can be said that the main purpose of disclosure and the tasks of Prophets (alayhum salam) has been to establish Justice. Justice is the building block of the society and it is directly proportional to the truth, in order to keep check and balance in the society it is essential to maintain justice. Justice so called as ADAL can be seen in the early Arabian era when Hazarat Umar (R. A) was the governor General of Islamic Society. The whole society was propagated due to justified principles and teaching of Islam. He was the only ruler ever to admit that even if a dog died of hunger on the banks of river Tigris during his rule, he would be held answerable to Almighty ALLAH. It was the true spirit of justice, what the leaders of the modern world lake. Justice is like the life blood of the society which can be thick or thin, periodically, but its viscosity have a great impact in the life of the people. Justice is the first principle of social life. It can be shown to govern all relations in life: between ruler and ruled, rich and poor, husband and wife, parents and children. In all our dealings, we are required to stand firmly for justice even if it is against our own benefits. Dear youngsters of 21st century, our country, Pakistan, is facing a severe problem of bloodshed, illegal killings, suicide bomb blast, terrorism etc. only due to the unjustified policies. Economic injustice involves the state’s failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life, such as access to adequate food and housing, and its maintenance of huge discrepancies in wealth. In the most extreme cases of misdistribution, some individuals suffer from poverty while the elite of that society live in relative luxury. Such injustice can stem from unfair hiring procedures, lack of available jobs and education, and insufficient health care. All of these conditions may lead individuals to believe that they have not received a â€Å"fair share† of the benefits and resources available in that society. Political injustice involves the violation of individual liberties, including the denial of voting rights or due process, infringements on rights to freedom of speech or religion, and inadequate protection from cruel and unusual punishment. Such injustice often stems from unfair procedures, and involves political systems in which some but not others are allowed to have voice and representation in the processes and decisions that affect them. This sort of procedural injustice can contribute to serious social problems as well as political ones. any procedures that are carried out in a biased manner are likely to contribute to problems of religious, ethnic, gender, or race discrimination. In Pakistan our law is like a cobweb it sticks to the weaker ones but the stronger ones break it off. When the procedure in question has to do with employment or wages, such issues can lead to serious economic and social problems. In the nutshell, by setting examples of injustice we are actually creating fear in the society to fight for their basic rights. This fear is one of the major causes of our poor economy and this is the vital reason, why we are left behind from other countries. We have to make firm believe on it that Allah. It is an old saying that â€Å"absence of war does not mean peace, its only due to presence of justice. † Thankyou†¦ How to cite Injustice and Justice, Essay examples

Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis Essay Example

Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis Paper Edwin H. Sutherland’s Criminology (1924), retiled Principles of Criminology in 1934, and was to become the most influential textbook in the history of criminology. He is known a man who claims that criminals are not simple minded person but did endorse the latter view, explaining different criminal behaviors through the relative influence of various geographic, economic, political, and sociological factors. â€Å"Sutherland and his successors greatly expanded the scope of crime by shifting the focus to corporations and individuals in the upper socioeconomic classes. A lawyer-sociologist critic of Sutherland’s work, Paul W. Tappan, long ago noted that Sutherland’s definition of crime departed from the legal definition. Tappan charged that this development was a â€Å"seductive movement to revolutionize the concepts of crime and [the] criminal. According to Tappan, Professor Sutherland’s definition of â€Å"white-collar crime† includes â€Å"a boor, a sinner, a moral leper or the devil incarnate but he does not become a criminal through sociological name-calling (â€Å"Criminology†. http://www.routledge-ny.com). Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Sample Sutherland and Tappan’s Definition of White Collar Crime Sutherland and Tappan’s Definition of White Collar Crime Sutherland and Tappan’s Definition of White Collar Crime We will write a custom essay sample on Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Causes Of White Collar Crime Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, the great sociologist does a very vulnerable job in describing white collar crime. So the study will dealt with approaches to define white collar crime of the well-known sociologist. The questions need further investigation on how this sociologies reacted up to their knowledge and understanding on the topic of with collar crime. Thus the main issue to this paper is to get the point view with the two personalities to answer the question raise as to; are Sutherland and Tappan’s definitions or approaches to define white collar crime good or not? How are they similar and how are they different? Definition of White Collar Crime â€Å"White-collar crimes are those crimes specifically performed by professional workers. They include certain forms of fraud, insider trading, embezzlement, computer crime and forgery. It is estimated that a great deal of white collar crime is undetected. Such crimes are often contrasted against violent crimes (such as rape or murder) or blue-collar crime (such as vandalism or shoplifting). The term derives from the characteristic white-collar shirts worn by lawyers, bankers and other professionals associated with such crimes (â€Å"White Collar Crime†. http://www.bambooweb.com)†. â€Å"The criminalities encounter feeble opposition and since their practices are often more lucrative than the typical criminal act, they distance their more scrupulous rivals in business and politics and reap an uncommon worldly prosperity. The key to the criminal is not evil impulse, but moral insensibility. The criminal prefers to prey on the anonymous public. He goes beyond this by convincing others to act instead of acting himself, which protects him from liability and being labeled a criminal, and is instead immune to such scrutiny. The criminality practices a protective impersonation of the good. The criminality counterfeits the good citizen. (â€Å"The Encyclopedia of White Collar.† http://www.commondreams.org)†. â€Å"White-collar offenses shall constitute those classes of non-violent illegal activities which principally involve traditional notions of deceit, deception, concealment, manipulation, breach of trust, subterfuge or illegal circumvention.† Under that definition, the illegal purchase of prescriptions and music pirating clearly qualify. The Justice Department has recently promoted the idea that enforcement of federal crimes should be uniform. Nevertheless, it is highly unlikely that federal prosecutors will hand down millions (or any) indictments of seniors, parents, and children for these crimes (Wright, Richard. http://www.routledge-ny.com)† Other Related Literatures The concept of elite crime: the man above is convicted of $250 million in stock fraud, while the man at right †¦ is convicted of stealing a $2,500 car from his employer. Which man will serve significant, hard time in prison? â€Å"Religious fraud,† is the caption, â€Å"Religious fraud often involves raising millions of dollars in the name of pious efforts, only to see the believers’ money end up in the ministers’ bank account, paying for a lavish lifestyle (â€Å"Focus on Corporation†.Oct 20, 2004. http://tania.blythe-systems.com/pipermail/nytr/Week-of-Mon-20041018/007837.hml)†. Sutherland definition or approaches of white collar crime â€Å"White collar crime is the illegal activities of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate business enterprise. White collar crime involves illegal business practices (embezzlement, price-fixing, bribery) with merchandise that is ordinarily seen as a legitimate business product. Normally, telemarketing fraud, and the SEC investigates securities fraud. Trust violations are jointly investigated (â€Å"Intelligence Analysis of White Collar Crime†. http://faculty.ncwc.edu)†. In the late 1930s, criminologist Edwin Sutherland first coined the term â€Å"white collar crime† to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful. He defined it as â€Å"a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.† As Sutherland saw it, the rich were engaged in a conspiracy to use their position for personal gain without regard to the law. Today, it is recognized that persons in all social classes can commit white collar crimes, but the notion of getting away with disregard for the law still exists in the justice system’s tendency to treat these offenses as civil rather than criminal matters.It is the generally accepted wisdom in criminology that although Sutherland’s definition fall short in some ways, the underlying constructs of what he meant — deception and lack of physical force — remain constant, even while forms of the crime evolve. The definition is considered a good 2005 update: â€Å"white collar crimes are defined as illegal or unethical acts that violate fiduciary responsibility or public trust for personal or organizational gain.† The typology includes: (1) crimes against government by public officials; (2) crimes against government by private citizens; (3) crimes against businesses; (4) crimes against investors; (5) crimes against consumers; (6) crimes against employees; and (7) crimes affecting public health. The Green (1990) typology includes: (1) crimes for the benefit of one’s employer; (2) crimes by government officials; (2) crimes by professionals in the course of doing business; and (4) crimes by individuals in the course of their occupation. Other typologies exist, such as the following:  · Corporate crime — Usually occurs when a strongly competitive business environment fosters corporate irregularities (antitrust violations, price-fixing, false advertising)  · Government crime — illegal and socially injurious cooperation between governments and corporate institutions (space shuttle disasters)  · Occupational crime — Usually occurs when employees come across an opportunity to make extra money by bending or breaking the rules (theft, pilfering)  · Professional crime — people or groups of people who systematically set out to look for opportunities to make money illegally (fraud, tax evasion, deceitful claims, phantom operations, false pretenses, forgery) Tappan’s definition or approaches of white collar crime â€Å"The state has a monopoly on behavior usually deemed criminal. It murders, kidnaps, and locks up people. Sovereignty has come to be identified with the unbridled – and exclusive – exercise of violence. The emergence of modern international law has narrowed the field of permissible conduct. A sovereign can no longer commit genocide or ethnic cleansing with impunity, for instance (â€Å"Legalizing Crime†. http://resourceking.net)†. Tappan proposed the legalistic approach, arguing that criminologists should study only persons who actually had been convicted of crimes. This view threatened Sutherland’s emerging research on white-collar criminals, because many corporations that violate the law are never prosecuted. Sutherland (1945) maintained that conviction is important in the study of public agency (or justice system) responses to crime, but it cannot be used in defining the subject matter of criminology, which must explain all forms of law-violating behavior. This behavioral definition of crime still prevails in modern criminology Many acts – such as the waging of aggressive war, the mistreatment of minorities, the suppression of the freedom of association – hitherto sovereign privilege, have thankfully been criminalized. Many politicians, hitherto immune to international prosecution, are no longer so. Consider Yugoslavia’s Milosevic and Chile’s Pinochet. But, the irony is that a similar trend of criminalization – within national legal systems – allows governments to oppress their citizenry to an extent previously unknown. Hitherto civil torts, permissible acts, and common behavior patterns are routinely criminalized by legislators and regulators. Precious few are decriminalized. Certain social problems are not well understood in the broader society, and are only beginning to be delineated in academic scholarship. One such problem is the understanding, characterization, and handling of harmful organized group behavior. â€Å"Developing social structures which try to check individual behavior, and in the process we’ve built massive systems of human organization on the assumption that they are more efficient in helping us control and manage peoples’ actions, make our lives easier, and make sense of the world (â€Å"Lipshitt, Brian†. http://www.dragonflyworks.net)†. We have little realization of how these organizations impact on us or how we impact on them. Take the example of white collar crime. White collar crime can be understood as harmful group behavior which is often handled through regulating the behavior of the group. This takes place in a society which is focused on individual accountability to the law. In order to ameliorate this duality, we have developed systems of language, law and ideology which create individuals out of organizations. This arrangement confounds our attempts to understand and address the problem of corporate criminality. This paper approaches the problem of white collar crime from an institutional perspective in hopes of advancing our understanding of the organization of white collar crime. Differences of Tappan and Sutherland of definition of white collar crime One of the earliest challenges to Sutherland’s study was offered by Paul Tappan (1947). Tappan argued that Sutherland’s theory was flawed because he had categorized as â€Å"crimes† organizational activities which were sanctioned none criminally. As a central hinge point which has defined two distinct schools of inquiry into white collar crime, one legalistic and focused on the type of law violated, the other focuses on the offender. Sutherland’s tradition focuses on the offender. Sutherland addressed Tappan’s concerns in his monograph, arguing that white collar crime was different from crime committed by the poor. Principally in the administrative procedures which are used in dealing with the offenders and that variations in administrative procedures are not significant from the point of view of causation of crime. â€Å"In other words, legalistic traditions assume that, for purposes of establishing the causes of criminal behavior, the only valid definition of â€Å"criminal† is that provided by the state – after the deed, processing and specific attribution of criminal guilt. However, Sutherland argued that the state specifically avoided defining the acts of the powerful as crimes but they were crimes all the same. Sutherland’s theory that criminal behavior was learned in a group setting needed additional refinement. Other personal motivating factors influenced the choices of criminals and led to their acts of crime (Cressy, 1953. http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/crmch1.pdf)†. The two sociologists, has their own perspective according to their own likes and dislikes. I would rather say that, a person has a freedom to judge and make opinion of their own as long as it fits with the standard of the society. I can not judge to the two sociologist to which of them is right or wrong since both has a very strong asset to invoke what is right for them. I could only say, if the principles they got was accepted by society then nothing wrong with them as well. People can have their own limitation depending on how they got to use it in real situation that they might think it is good for them. References Cressy, 1953. http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/crmch1.pdf â€Å"Criminolgy†.http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/criminology/sutherland.html â€Å"Focus on Corporation†.Oct 20, 2004. http://tania.blythe-systems.com/pipermail/nytr/Week-of-Mon-20041018/007837.hml http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/crmch1.pdf â€Å"Intelligence Analysis of White Collar Crime†. http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/427/427lect16.htm â€Å"Legalizing Crime†. http://resourceking.net/9/crime.php?zt=White%20Collar%20Crime Lipshitt, Brian. http://www.dragonflyworks.net/briansdir/dissert.html â€Å"The Encyclopedia of White Collar.† http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1020-33.htm â€Å"White Collar Crime†. http://www.bambooweb.com/articles/w/h/White-Collar_Crime.html Wright, Richard. http://www.routledge-ny.com nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;